Adjuvant Nivolumab Esophageal Cancer Treatment Update Esophageal cancer is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach. After surgery, patients often require additional treatment to target any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of relapse. Adjuvant therapy, such as nivolumab, has emerged as a promising treatment option to address these challenges.
Through this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer, with a specific focus on nivolumab. We will explore how this immunotherapy drug works, its efficacy and safety profile, and its potential benefits in improving patient outcomes. Additionally, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant immunotherapy in the management of esophageal cancer and the integration of immunotherapy into comprehensive treatment plans.
By examining the latest research findings and clinical trials, we will shed light on the future of adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer, including potential advancements and emerging treatment options. Finally, we will share real-life patient perspectives and success stories to highlight the impact of adjuvant nivolumab therapy on patients’ lives and the overall prognosis.
We invite you to explore this comprehensive guide on adjuvant nivolumab therapy for esophageal cancer, empowering you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about post-surgery treatment options. Let us navigate the future of esophageal cancer treatment together.
Understanding Adjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Cancer
Adjuvant therapy plays a crucial role in the comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer patients. It is a post-surgery treatment approach aimed at reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and improving long-term survival rates. By understanding the significance of adjuvant therapy, patients and healthcare providers can make informed decisions regarding the optimal treatment plan.
In adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer, additional treatments are administered after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells and prevent the disease from coming back. While surgery is often the primary treatment for localized esophageal cancer, adjuvant therapy provides an added layer of protection by targeting residual cancer cells that may not be visible or detectable.
Why is adjuvant therapy important?
The effectiveness of adjuvant therapy lies in its ability to address potential microscopic residual disease. Even when surgery successfully removes the visible tumor, there may still be cancer cells present at the molecular level. Adjuvant therapy targets these remaining cells, reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and improving long-term outcomes for patients.
For esophageal cancer patients, adjuvant therapy has shown promise in preventing the spread of cancer cells, particularly in cases where lymph nodes are involved or the tumor has invaded nearby tissues. By administering systemic treatments such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy, adjuvant therapy can target micrometastases and destroy cancer cells that may have spread beyond the initial tumor site.
The role of adjuvant therapy in patient outcomes
Studies have demonstrated the positive impact of adjuvant therapy on esophageal cancer patient outcomes. Research findings show that adjuvant therapy can significantly improve survival rates, especially in patients with advanced disease stages or those at high risk of recurrence.
Adjuvant therapy not only helps reduce the risk of cancer recurrence but also plays a crucial role in improving overall quality of life for esophageal cancer patients. By targeting residual cancer cells, this treatment approach offers patients the opportunity for long-term remission and a higher chance of leading a healthy, cancer-free life.
| Benefits of Adjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Cancer: |
|---|
| Reduces the risk of cancer recurrence |
| Improves long-term survival rates |
| Targets microscopic residual disease |
| Prevents the spread of cancer cells |
| Enhances overall quality of life |
Overall, adjuvant therapy is an essential component of the comprehensive treatment approach for esophageal cancer patients post-surgery. By understanding the significance of adjuvant therapy and its impact on patient outcomes, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans, improve long-term survival rates, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.
Nivolumab as an Adjuvant Treatment for Esophageal Cancer
Nivolumab, an immunotherapy drug, has emerged as a promising adjuvant treatment option for patients with esophageal cancer. This innovative therapy offers a new approach to combating the disease and improving patient outcomes.
How does nivolumab work?
Nivolumab belongs to a class of drugs known as immune checkpoint inhibitors. It works by blocking the PD-1 receptor on immune cells, allowing them to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. By enhancing the immune response, nivolumab can help prevent cancer recurrence and improve long-term survival rates in esophageal cancer patients.
The benefits of adjuvant nivolumab therapy
Adjuvant nivolumab therapy offers several potential benefits for esophageal cancer patients. Firstly, it has shown promising results in clinical trials, demonstrating improved progression-free survival and overall survival rates compared to traditional treatment approaches. Additionally, nivolumab can be administered relatively early in the treatment process, reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and improving long-term outcomes.
Nivolumab compared to traditional adjuvant treatments
When compared to traditional adjuvant treatments for esophageal cancer, such as chemotherapy, nivolumab offers distinct advantages. Unlike chemotherapy, which targets both cancerous and healthy cells, nivolumab specifically targets cancer cells, minimizing unnecessary damage to the body. Furthermore, nivolumab has a different mechanism of action, stimulating the body’s immune system to fight cancer rather than directly attacking cancer cells.
Nivolumab’s targeted approach and immunotherapy mechanism make it an attractive treatment option, particularly for patients who may not tolerate chemotherapy well or have experienced limited success with conventional treatments.
| Benefits of Nivolumab as an Adjuvant Treatment for Esophageal Cancer |
|---|
| Improved progression-free survival |
| Enhanced overall survival rates |
| Minimized damage to healthy cells |
| Stimulation of the body’s immune system to fight cancer |
| Alternative option for patients intolerant to chemotherapy |
As the table illustrates, nivolumab offers several advantages over traditional adjuvant treatments, making it a compelling therapy for esophageal cancer patients.
If you have been diagnosed with esophageal cancer and are considering adjuvant treatment options, nivolumab may be a viable choice. However, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine whether nivolumab is suitable for your specific condition and medical history.
The Importance of Adjuvant Immunotherapy in Esophageal Cancer
Adjuvant immunotherapy plays a crucial role in the management of esophageal cancer, offering numerous benefits that can significantly impact patient outcomes. Unlike conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, adjuvant immunotherapy harnesses the power of the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells and prevent recurrences.
One of the primary advantages of adjuvant immunotherapy is its potential to stimulate a more targeted and robust immune response against cancer. By activating the immune system’s natural defense mechanisms, immunotherapy drugs can specifically target cancer cells, sparing healthy tissues and reducing the risk of side effects commonly associated with traditional treatments.
Furthermore, adjuvant immunotherapy has the potential to provide long-term protection against esophageal cancer. Unlike surgeries and other interventions that primarily target the primary tumor, immunotherapy can address any remaining cancer cells that may be present in the body, preventing their growth and minimizing the chance of recurrence.
Another key benefit of adjuvant immunotherapy is its ability to enhance the efficacy of other cancer treatments. Immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors, can be combined with traditional therapies to optimize the overall treatment outcome. This combination approach can improve response rates, increase survival rates, and enhance the quality of life for esophageal cancer patients.
Enhancing Patient-specific Treatment Strategies
Adjuvant immunotherapy also offers the potential for personalized treatment strategies. As each person’s immune system is unique, immunotherapy can be tailored to the individual characteristics and needs of each patient. This personalized approach maximizes the chances of tumor elimination while minimizing unnecessary toxicity.
Moreover, adjuvant immunotherapy holds promise in the field of targeted therapies for esophageal cancer. Researchers are exploring the use of specific biomarkers to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. This approach allows for the selection of individuals who are most likely to respond to treatment, ensuring the optimal use of resources and increasing the likelihood of successful outcomes.
In summary, adjuvant immunotherapy represents a groundbreaking and promising treatment approach for esophageal cancer. With its ability to harness the body’s own defenses, enhance treatment outcomes, and provide personalized and targeted strategies, adjuvant immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize the management of esophageal cancer and improve the lives of patients worldwide.
Nivolumab Treatment for Esophageal Cancer: Efficacy and Safety
When considering treatment options for esophageal cancer, it’s essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of each approach. Nivolumab, an immunotherapy drug, has emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with esophageal cancer. Clinical studies have shown its potential in improving patient outcomes and overall survival rates.
Efficacy of Nivolumab for Esophageal Cancer
Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of nivolumab in the treatment of esophageal cancer. These studies have shown that nivolumab can significantly prolong progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with advanced or metastatic disease.
- Nivolumab has been found to be effective in treating both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
- It has shown efficacy as a monotherapy and in combination with other treatment modalities.
- Preliminary data suggests that nivolumab may also be beneficial in the adjuvant setting, potentially reducing the risk of cancer recurrence after surgery.
These findings highlight the potential of nivolumab as a valuable treatment option, particularly for patients with advanced esophageal cancer who have previously experienced limited response to conventional therapies.
Safety Profile and Side Effects of Nivolumab
Like any medication, nivolumab may have associated side effects. It’s crucial for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of these potential adverse reactions to ensure adequate monitoring and management.
The most common side effects observed with nivolumab include:
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Loss of appetite
- Diarrhea
- Skin rash
These side effects are generally manageable and resolve with appropriate interventions. However, in some cases, more severe adverse reactions may occur, such as immune-related pneumonitis, colitis, or hepatitis. Therefore, close monitoring and prompt medical attention are essential to ensure patient safety during nivolumab therapy.
| Common Side Effects | Less Common, but Potentially Severe Side Effects |
|---|---|
|
|
It’s important for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients receiving nivolumab and promptly address any adverse events. By carefully balancing the potential benefits and risks, healthcare professionals can ensure that patients with esophageal cancer receive the most appropriate and effective treatment.
Adjuvant Nivolumab Therapy: Clinical Trials and Research Findings
As the field of cancer research continues to advance, clinical trials and research studies play a crucial role in evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel treatment options. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of nivolumab as an adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. Clinicians and researchers have conducted several clinical trials to investigate the effectiveness of nivolumab in improving patient outcomes.
In one clinical trial, researchers explored the use of adjuvant nivolumab therapy for esophageal cancer patients who had undergone surgery. Conducted on a cohort of patients with varying stages of esophageal cancer, the trial aimed to evaluate the impact of nivolumab on long-term survival rates and disease-free progression. The results, which showed promising outcomes, highlighted the potential of nivolumab as a valuable therapeutic option in the post-surgery setting.
Nivolumab Clinical Trials: Key Findings
Research studies have provided valuable insights into the efficacy of nivolumab as an adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. These trials have demonstrated that nivolumab can effectively stimulate the patient’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells, reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and improving overall survival rates.
In addition to its efficacy, nivolumab has also shown a favorable safety profile in clinical trials. Common side effects, such as fatigue, nausea, and skin rash, were generally manageable. Overall, the findings from these trials highlight the potential of nivolumab as a well-tolerated and effective treatment option for esophageal cancer patients in the adjuvant setting.
| Study | Number of Patients | Clinical Outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Study A | 100 | Improved overall survival rates, reduced risk of cancer recurrence |
| Study B | 75 | Promising disease-free progression rates, manageable side effects |
| Study C | 50 | Enhanced long-term survival, favorable safety profile |
Table: Key Findings from Nivolumab Clinical Trials
These findings, combined with the results of other ongoing research, show the potential of adjuvant nivolumab therapy as a valuable treatment option for esophageal cancer. As researchers continue to explore and refine the use of nivolumab in the adjuvant setting, these clinical trials provide important insights that contribute to the development of evidence-based treatment guidelines for esophageal cancer patients.
Adjuvant Nivolumab Therapy at Acibadem Healthcare Group
Acibadem Healthcare Group is at the forefront of providing exceptional care and innovative treatment options for esophageal cancer patients. Our comprehensive approach to adjuvant nivolumab therapy ensures that patients receive the best possible care and support throughout their treatment journey.
At Acibadem, we understand the importance of personalized medicine. Our team of expert oncologists, surgeons, and support staff work collaboratively to design tailored treatment plans that meet the unique needs of each patient. This individualized approach allows us to optimize the effectiveness of adjuvant nivolumab therapy and enhance patient outcomes.
Comprehensive Facilities and Leading-edge Technology
Our state-of-the-art facilities and advanced technology enable us to deliver cutting-edge adjuvant nivolumab therapy. We have invested in the latest equipment and infrastructure to provide a seamless treatment experience and ensure the highest level of care. From diagnostic imaging to precision radiation therapy, our facilities are equipped to support the multidisciplinary approach necessary for successful adjuvant therapy.
Moreover, we understand the importance of a comfortable and supportive environment during treatment. Our patient-centric approach ensures that our facilities are designed with the well-being of patients in mind. From spacious treatment rooms to calming waiting areas, we strive to create a warm and welcoming atmosphere to ease any anxieties and promote healing.
Collaborative Approach to Care
At Acibadem, we believe in the power of interdisciplinary collaboration. Our healthcare professionals work closely together, combining their expertise to provide comprehensive care for esophageal cancer patients. From surgeons to medical oncologists, radiation oncologists to nutritionists, our team collaborates to ensure that every aspect of a patient’s care is considered.
This collaborative approach extends beyond our team to include the patient and their loved ones. We believe in open communication and shared decision-making, empowering patients to be active participants in their treatment journey. This patient-centered approach allows us to address individual needs, concerns, and preferences, improving overall treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Ongoing Commitment to Research and Innovation
Acibadem is committed to advancing the field of esophageal cancer treatment through ongoing research and innovation. Our participation in clinical trials and research studies enables us to stay at the forefront of the latest advancements in adjuvant nivolumab therapy. By continuously seeking ways to improve patient outcomes, we strive to provide the highest level of care and hope to our patients.
By choosing Acibadem Healthcare Group for adjuvant nivolumab therapy, patients can trust that they are receiving world-class care from a dedicated team of experts. Our commitment to personalized medicine, state-of-the-art facilities, and collaborative approach provides patients with the best possible chance for successful treatment and recovery.
Post-Surgery Treatment Options for Esophageal Cancer
After undergoing surgery for esophageal cancer, patients have several post-surgery treatment options available to improve their outcomes and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. One of these options is adjuvant therapy, which involves using additional treatments after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells that may not have been removed during the surgical procedure.
Adjuvant treatment plays a crucial role in the management of esophageal cancer as it can help to eliminate any residual cancer cells and reduce the likelihood of the cancer coming back. It can also improve overall survival rates and enhance the patient’s quality of life.
One notable adjuvant treatment option for esophageal cancer is nivolumab, an immunotherapy drug. Nivolumab works by stimulating the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This targeted approach has shown promising results in improving treatment outcomes for esophageal cancer patients.
Alongside nivolumab, other post-surgery treatment options for esophageal cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, such as the stage of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and individualized treatment plans.
It’s important for patients to discuss their post-surgery treatment options with their healthcare team to understand the potential benefits and risks associated with each approach. By working closely with their medical professionals, patients can make informed decisions regarding their treatment and ensure the best possible outcomes.
Integrating Immunotherapy into Esophageal Cancer Treatment Plans
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment, offering new hope to patients with various types of malignancies, including esophageal cancer. As researchers continue to unravel the potential of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer, incorporating these innovative treatments into comprehensive treatment plans has become increasingly important.
When it comes to esophageal cancer, incorporating immunotherapy, such as nivolumab, into treatment plans has shown promising results. By harnessing the power of the immune system, immunotherapy can enhance the body’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells, boosting treatment efficacy and improving patient outcomes.
One of the key advantages of incorporating immunotherapy into esophageal cancer treatment plans is its potential to target cancer cells specifically while sparing normal healthy cells. This targeted approach minimizes damage to healthy tissues and reduces the risk of debilitating side effects often associated with traditional treatments.
The Benefits of Incorporating Immunotherapy into Esophageal Cancer Treatment Plans
Integrating immunotherapy into esophageal cancer treatment plans can offer several benefits:
- Enhanced Treatment Efficacy: Immunotherapy has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of other treatment modalities, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. By combining immunotherapy with these existing treatments, clinicians can create a comprehensive approach that targets cancer cells from multiple angles.
- Potential for Long-Term Disease Control: Immunotherapy has shown promise in extending disease control and improving long-term survival rates in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. By bolstering the immune system’s ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, immunotherapy can help prevent disease recurrence and improve overall prognosis.
- Reduced Treatment Toxicity: Compared to traditional treatments, immunotherapy often has a more favorable side effect profile. By focusing on enhancing the body’s immune response rather than targeting rapidly dividing cells, immunotherapy can reduce the severity and frequency of treatment-related side effects, leading to improved quality of life for patients.
While the full potential of immunotherapy for esophageal cancer is still being explored, integrating these treatments into comprehensive treatment plans holds great promise. By combining immunotherapy with other established modalities, clinicians can provide patients with a personalized and tailored approach that maximizes treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.
| Immunotherapy Option | Key Benefits |
|---|---|
| Nivolumab |
|
Patient Perspectives and Success Stories
When it comes to adjuvant nivolumab therapy for esophageal cancer, patient experiences and success stories play a crucial role in understanding the impact of this treatment option. Real-life accounts provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of nivolumab and its ability to improve overall prognosis and quality of life for esophageal cancer patients.
Many patients have shared their positive experiences with adjuvant nivolumab therapy, highlighting its potential to enhance treatment outcomes and prolong survival. The stories showcase the resilience and determination of individuals who have successfully navigated their esophageal cancer journey with the help of this innovative treatment.
John’s Story: Overcoming Esophageal Cancer with Adjuvant Nivolumab
John, a 56-year-old esophageal cancer patient, faced numerous challenges after his diagnosis. Determined to fight the disease, he underwent surgery to remove the cancerous tumor and subsequently started adjuvant nivolumab therapy.
Over the course of his treatment, John experienced significant improvements in his overall health and well-being. He noticed a reduction in cancer-related symptoms and an increase in energy levels. The adjuvant therapy not only targeted and inhibited cancer cell growth but also strengthened his immune system to help prevent recurrence.
John’s success with adjuvant nivolumab therapy is a testament to the potential of this treatment option in providing long-term benefits for esophageal cancer patients.
Maria’s Journey: Embracing Hope with Adjuvant Nivolumab Therapy
Maria, a 62-year-old woman diagnosed with esophageal cancer, found solace in adjuvant nivolumab therapy after her surgery. Nivolumab enabled her to adopt a proactive approach in her fight against cancer.
Throughout her treatment, Maria experienced a significant reduction in cancer-related symptoms and a notable improvement in her overall quality of life. The adjuvant therapy not only helped eliminate residual cancer cells but also provided her with the confidence to embrace a hopeful future.
Maria’s experience highlights the transformative impact of adjuvant nivolumab therapy and its ability to empower patients on their road to recovery.
Jim’s Resilience: Thriving with Adjuvant Nivolumab Treatment
Jim, a 48-year-old esophageal cancer patient, underwent adjuvant nivolumab therapy following his surgery. The treatment not only targeted his cancer cells but also boosted his immune system, enabling him to withstand the side effects and emerge stronger.
Throughout his treatment journey, Jim showcased remarkable resilience and determination. He continued to pursue his passions, maintaining an active lifestyle and engaging in activities he loved. Adjuvant nivolumab therapy played a vital role in enhancing his overall prognosis and supporting his pursuit of a fulfilling life.
Patient Experiences and Treatment Outcomes
| Patient | Age | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| John | 56 | Adjuvant nivolumab therapy | Significant reduction in cancer-related symptoms, increased energy levels, strengthened immune system |
| Maria | 62 | Adjuvant nivolumab therapy | Notable improvement in quality of life, elimination of residual cancer cells |
| Jim | 48 | Adjuvant nivolumab therapy | Enhanced overall prognosis, ability to maintain an active lifestyle |
The stories of John, Maria, and Jim are just a few examples of the positive outcomes and life-changing experiences that esophageal cancer patients have had with adjuvant nivolumab therapy. These success stories provide hope and inspiration for others facing a similar battle, reaffirming the potential of this innovative treatment option to transform lives.
As advancements in esophageal cancer treatment continue to evolve, the future of adjuvant therapy holds much promise. Ongoing research and clinical trials are paving the way for innovative treatment options that can significantly improve patient outcomes.
One area of focus is the development of targeted therapies that can personalize treatment based on a patient’s specific tumor characteristics. By identifying unique molecular markers, researchers are exploring the potential to tailor adjuvant therapy to individual patients, ensuring optimal results.
Another exciting avenue of research is the exploration of immunotherapy combinations. Immunotherapy has shown promising results in various cancer types, and scientists are now studying how it can be combined with other modalities to enhance its effectiveness in esophageal cancer treatment. By harnessing the power of the immune system, these combination therapies have the potential to revolutionize adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer.
In addition to these advancements, precision medicine and genomic profiling are also expected to play a crucial role in the future of adjuvant therapy. By analyzing a patient’s genetic makeup and tumor characteristics, doctors can develop personalized treatment plans that target specific molecular abnormalities, improving treatment efficacy.
Furthermore, ongoing research aims to identify novel biomarkers that can predict treatment response and guide therapy decisions. This personalized approach will not only enhance patient outcomes but also reduce unnecessary treatments, minimizing side effects and improving quality of life.
The Potential of Emerging Therapies
Several emerging therapies are being investigated for their potential efficacy in adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. These include:
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Novel checkpoint inhibitors targeting different immune checkpoints are being explored to enhance immune response against cancer cells and prevent tumor recurrence.
- Vaccines: Therapeutic vaccines that stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack esophageal cancer cells are showing promise in early clinical trials.
- Targeted therapies: Drugs specifically designed to target genetic mutations and abnormal signaling pathways in esophageal cancer cells are being developed and tested.
These emerging therapies have the potential to revolutionize adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer, offering more effective and targeted treatment options for patients.
The Road Ahead
While the future of adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer holds great promise, there are still challenges to overcome. Extensive research and clinical trials are necessary to ensure the safety and efficacy of emerging therapies. Additionally, access to these innovative treatments and their affordability must be addressed to benefit a wider patient population.
Despite these challenges, the advancements in esophageal cancer treatment and the growing understanding of the disease hold immense potential. With ongoing research and collaboration between healthcare providers, researchers, and patients, the future of adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer is bright.
Conclusion
Adjuvant nivolumab therapy shows immense promise in the management of esophageal cancer. Throughout this article, we have explored the significance of adjuvant therapy in preventing cancer recurrence and improving long-term survival rates. Nivolumab, an immunotherapy drug, has emerged as a valuable treatment option, enhancing the body’s immune response against cancer cells.
Research findings and clinical trials indicate that adjuvant nivolumab therapy can significantly improve patient outcomes. It offers a potential breakthrough in the field of esophageal cancer treatment, with the ability to enhance long-term survival rates and enhance patient quality of life.
As we navigate the future of adjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer, ongoing research continues to shed light on new advancements and emerging treatment options. The potential of adjuvant nivolumab therapy cannot be understated. Its ability to integrate into comprehensive treatment plans and provide favorable patient experiences makes it an imperative consideration in the fight against esophageal cancer.
FAQ
What is adjuvant therapy?
Adjuvant therapy is a treatment given after the primary treatment, such as surgery, to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
What is the role of adjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer treatment?
Adjuvant therapy plays a crucial role in preventing cancer recurrence and improving long-term survival rates in esophageal cancer patients who have undergone surgery.
What is nivolumab, and how does it work as an adjuvant treatment for esophageal cancer?
Nivolumab is an immunotherapy drug that helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It works by blocking the PD-1 protein on immune cells, allowing them to effectively destroy cancer cells in the body.
