Centrilobar Emphysema: Causes & Care
Centrilobar Emphysema: Causes & Care Centrilobar emphysema is a progressive pulmonary condition that affects the alveoli in the central portion of the lungs. This lung disease is characterized by the destruction of these small air sacs, leading to impaired respiratory function. Understanding the causes and implementing effective care strategies is crucial in managing this condition and improving lung health.
Smoking-related emphysema is one of the primary risk factors for the development of centrilobar emphysema. The harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause airway obstruction and damage the fragile alveoli, resulting in the destruction of lung tissue. Furthermore, this condition is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive respiratory disorder that significantly impacts quality of life.
Early recognition of centrilobar emphysema symptoms and accurate diagnosis is essential for timely treatment and proper management. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnostic methods such as pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays, and computed tomography (CT) scans play a vital role in identifying and assessing the severity of the condition.
Treatment options for centrilobar emphysema aim to improve lung function, alleviate symptoms, and enhance overall well-being. Medical interventions, including various medications, may be prescribed to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms, and slow down the progression of the disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are also beneficial, providing structured exercises, breathing techniques, and education to optimize lung health.
In severe cases, oxygen therapy and surgical interventions like lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation may be considered. These procedures can help improve breathing and enhance lung capacity, offering potential relief for individuals with advanced centrilobar emphysema.
Alongside medical treatments, adopting lifestyle changes and implementing self-management strategies greatly contribute to managing centrilobar emphysema. Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and symptom management techniques can improve respiratory function and overall quality of life.
Managing flare-ups and exacerbations is crucial for individuals with centrilobar emphysema. Early recognition of worsening symptoms and prompt medical intervention are vital to prevent respiratory distress. Having a support system in place, along with utilizing available resources for information and guidance, can provide much-needed assistance in coping with this lung disease.
In conclusion, centrilobar emphysema is a chronic pulmonary condition characterized by alveolar destruction, often linked to smoking and associated with COPD. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and implementing appropriate care strategies are essential for managing this condition effectively. With the right treatment options, lifestyle changes, and support, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can improve their lung health and enjoy a better quality of life.
Understanding Centrilobar Emphysema
Centrilobar emphysema is a type of lung disease that falls under the broader category of respiratory disorders. It is characterized by the progressive destruction of the alveoli, the small air sacs in the central portion of the lungs.
This condition differs from other forms of emphysema in terms of the location and extent of the alveolar destruction. While other types of emphysema may affect the entire lung, centrilobar emphysema primarily targets the central lobes of the lungs.
The mechanism of alveolar destruction in centrilobar emphysema involves a combination of factors, including smoking-related damage, inflammation, and the imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lung tissue. Over time, this process leads to the progressive destruction of the alveoli, resulting in impaired lung function and respiratory symptoms.
Recognizing the unique characteristics of centrilobar emphysema is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Understanding the impact of this respiratory disorder on lung health and the specific mechanisms behind alveolar destruction can help healthcare professionals develop targeted care strategies for individuals with this condition.
Alveolar Destruction in Centrilobar Emphysema
The destruction of alveoli in centrilobar emphysema occurs primarily in the central portion of the lungs and affects the respiratory function of individuals. The loss of these vital air sacs reduces the surface area available for gas exchange, leading to impaired oxygen absorption and inefficient removal of carbon dioxide.
As alveoli are destroyed, the walls of the remaining air sacs become weakened and lose their elasticity. This results in airway obstruction and decreased lung function, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.
Distinguishing Centrilobar Emphysema from other Lung Diseases
Centrilobar emphysema shares some similarities with other lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it is important to distinguish centrilobar emphysema from other conditions due to its unique characteristics and targeted treatment approaches.
In contrast to other forms of emphysema, centrilobar emphysema primarily affects the central lobes of the lungs and is often associated with smoking-related damage. Other types of emphysema may have different patterns of alveolar destruction or be influenced by factors other than smoking.
Additionally, centrilobar emphysema may coexist with other respiratory disorders or occur as a component of COPD. Careful evaluation and diagnosis by healthcare professionals are necessary to differentiate centrilobar emphysema from other lung diseases and develop effective treatment strategies.
| Features | Centrilobar Emphysema | Other Forms of Emphysema |
|---|---|---|
| Location of Alveolar Destruction | Primarily central lobes of the lungs | Can affect entire lungs |
| Associated Factors | Smoking-related damage | May have different causative factors |
| Unique Characteristics | Distinct pattern of alveolar destruction | May exhibit different patterns or causes |
| Coexistence | Can coexist with other respiratory disorders | May occur in isolation or as part of COPD |
Causes and Risk Factors
The development of centrilobar emphysema is strongly linked to smoking-related emphysema, which is a major cause of airway obstruction and lung disease. However, other factors can also contribute to the development of this respiratory condition.
- Smoking-related emphysema: Smoking is the leading cause of centrilobar emphysema. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can damage the alveoli in the lungs, leading to airway obstruction and the gradual development of this lung disease.
- Airway obstruction: In addition to smoking, other factors that cause airway obstruction can contribute to the development of centrilobar emphysema. These may include exposure to environmental pollutants, occupational hazards, and respiratory infections.
- Lung disease: Individuals with pre-existing lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis or asthma, may have a higher risk of developing centrilobar emphysema. These conditions can weaken the lungs and make them more susceptible to damage.
It is important to understand the causes and risk factors of centrilobar emphysema in order to implement effective preventive measures and reduce the risk of developing this progressive respiratory disorder.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Centrilobar emphysema is a progressive lung disease that can significantly impact respiratory function. Recognizing the common symptoms and receiving an accurate diagnosis are crucial for effective management of this respiratory disorder.
Common Symptoms
The symptoms of centrilobar emphysema may vary from person to person, but there are some common signs to watch out for:
- Shortness of breath: A feeling of breathlessness, especially during physical activity or exertion.
- Chronic cough: A persistent cough that may worsen over time.
- Wheezing: A whistling sound when breathing due to narrowed airways.
- Chest tightness: A sensation of pressure or discomfort in the chest area.
- Fatigue: Feeling tired and lacking energy, even with minimal activity.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation.
Diagnostic Methods
Diagnosing centrilobar emphysema typically involves a combination of medical history analysis, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests. These may include:
- Chest X-ray: An imaging test that can reveal abnormalities in the lungs.
- Pulmonary function tests: These tests measure lung capacity, airflow, and other respiratory parameters.
- High-resolution CT scan: A more detailed imaging test that can provide a clearer picture of the lung tissues.
- Arterial blood gas test: This test evaluates oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency test: A genetic test to determine if a deficiency of this protein is contributing to the development of emphysema.
A comprehensive diagnosis is essential to differentiate centrilobar emphysema from other respiratory conditions and to develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Treatment Options
When it comes to managing centrilobar emphysema, there are various treatment options available that aim to improve lung health and alleviate associated COPD symptoms. A comprehensive approach, combining medical interventions and lifestyle changes, is often recommended for individuals with this condition.
Medical Interventions
Medical interventions play a crucial role in the treatment of centrilobar emphysema. The following are some common approaches:
- Medications: Certain medications can help manage symptoms and improve lung function in individuals with centrilobar emphysema. Short-acting bronchodilators, such as albuterol, are often prescribed to provide quick relief during acute episodes, while long-acting bronchodilators, such as tiotropium, help maintain airway openness over an extended period.
- Oxygen Therapy: For individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema, oxygen therapy may be prescribed to improve oxygen levels in the blood and alleviate symptoms like shortness of breath. This involves the use of portable oxygen devices or oxygen concentrators to deliver supplemental oxygen.
- Surgical Interventions: In advanced cases of centrilobar emphysema, surgical interventions like lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) or lung transplantation may be considered. LVRS involves removing damaged portions of the lungs to improve lung function, while lung transplantation replaces the diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs.
Lifestyle Changes
In addition to medical interventions, certain lifestyle changes can significantly improve the management of centrilobar emphysema:
- Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking is perhaps the most important lifestyle change for individuals with centrilobar emphysema. Smoking cessation can halt further damage to the lungs and help slow down the progression of the disease.
- Exercise and Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Regular exercise, specifically pulmonary rehabilitation programs, can improve lung function, increase exercise tolerance, and enhance overall quality of life for individuals with centrilobar emphysema.
- Dietary Modifications: Adopting a healthy diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can provide essential nutrients and support respiratory health. It’s advisable to consult a nutritionist or dietitian for personalized dietary recommendations.
- Symptom Management Techniques: Learning techniques such as pursed-lip breathing and postural exercises can help manage symptoms like shortness of breath and reduce the frequency of exacerbations.
By combining medical interventions and lifestyle changes, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can optimize their lung health, reduce symptoms, and improve their overall well-being.
| Treatment Option | Description |
|---|---|
| Medications | Prescribed to manage symptoms and improve lung function. Includes short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators. |
| Oxygen Therapy | Supplemental oxygen delivery to improve oxygen levels in the blood and alleviate breathlessness. |
| Surgical Interventions | Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) or lung transplantation for advanced cases of centrilobar emphysema. |
| Lifestyle Changes | Smoking cessation, regular exercise, healthy diet, and symptom management techniques. |
Medications for Centrilobar Emphysema
In the treatment of centrilobar emphysema, medications play a crucial role in managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and improving overall lung function. The goal of medication therapy is to alleviate respiratory distress, enhance quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease.
Short-acting Medications
Short-acting medications are often used to provide immediate relief from symptoms like shortness of breath and wheezing. These medications work by relaxing and opening up the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Commonly prescribed short-acting medications for centrilobar emphysema include:
- Beta-agonists: These medications relax the smooth muscles around the airways, helping to open them up.
- Anticholinergics: These medications help to relax the muscles around the airways and reduce mucus production.
- Short-acting bronchodilators: These medications work by relaxing the muscles in the airways, leading to improved airflow.
Long-acting Medications
Long-acting medications are typically used for the maintenance treatment of centrilobar emphysema. These medications are designed to provide ongoing symptom relief and prevent flare-ups, allowing individuals to manage their condition more effectively.
Commonly prescribed long-acting medications for centrilobar emphysema include:
- Long-acting bronchodilators: These medications relax and open up the airways for an extended period, providing sustained relief.
- Inhaled corticosteroids: These medications help to reduce inflammation in the airways, minimizing symptoms and enhancing lung function.
- Combination inhalers: These inhalers contain a combination of bronchodilators and corticosteroids, providing both short-acting and long-acting relief.
It’s important to note that the specific medication regimen for centrilobar emphysema may vary depending on the severity of the disease and individual patient needs. A healthcare professional will determine the most appropriate medication options and dosage based on a thorough evaluation of each patient’s condition.
Treatment Plan Table:
| Treatment Option | Description |
|---|---|
| Short-acting Medications | Provide immediate relief from symptoms and help open up the airways |
| Long-acting Medications | Maintain symptom relief, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall lung function |
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
In the management of centrilobar emphysema, pulmonary rehabilitation plays a crucial role in improving lung function and overall well-being. This comprehensive program combines structured exercise routines, breathing techniques, and education to help individuals with centrilobar emphysema regain control over their respiratory health.
Pulmonary rehabilitation is designed to address the specific needs of individuals with lung diseases like centrilobar emphysema and COPD. The exercise component focuses on increasing strength and endurance, enhancing cardiovascular fitness, and improving breathing efficiency. It includes aerobic exercises, strength training, and flexibility exercises tailored to each patient’s abilities and limitations.
Breathing techniques taught during pulmonary rehabilitation aim to maximize lung capacity and efficiency. These techniques emphasize proper breathing patterns and help individuals learn strategies to manage breathlessness and control their symptoms. By mastering these techniques, patients gain better control over their breathing and experience improved quality of life.
Education is a vital component of pulmonary rehabilitation, providing valuable information about centrilobar emphysema, COPD, and treatment options. Individuals learn about the importance of medication adherence, proper inhaler technique, nutritional strategies, and ways to prevent exacerbations. Education sessions also address smoking cessation, as quitting smoking is crucial for managing centrilobar emphysema and improving long-term lung health.
Participating in pulmonary rehabilitation offers numerous benefits for individuals with centrilobar emphysema. These benefits include:
- Improved lung function and breathing capacity
- Increased physical strength and endurance
- Enhanced ability to perform daily activities
- Better symptom management and reduced breathlessness
- Decreased risk of exacerbations and hospitalizations
- Improved overall well-being and quality of life
It is important to note that pulmonary rehabilitation should be personalized to meet the individual needs of each patient. A multidisciplinary team, including respiratory therapists, exercise specialists, and healthcare professionals, collaborates to design a customized program that addresses the unique challenges faced by individuals with centrilobar emphysema.
By actively participating in pulmonary rehabilitation and adopting a comprehensive approach to manage their lung health, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can optimize their outcomes and lead fulfilling lives.
Oxygen Therapy and Surgical Interventions
In cases of severe centrilobar emphysema, treatment options may include oxygen therapy and surgical interventions. These approaches aim to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, and enhance overall lung health for individuals with advanced stages of the disease.
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen therapy is a common treatment modality for individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema and associated COPD. It involves the delivery of supplemental oxygen to the lungs through various devices such as nasal cannulas, masks, or oxygen concentrators. The goal of oxygen therapy is to increase the oxygen levels in the blood, relieve shortness of breath, and enhance exercise capacity.
By providing an adequate supply of oxygen, this therapy helps reduce the workload on the lungs, allowing people with centrilobar emphysema to engage in daily activities with greater ease. Oxygen therapy can improve quality of life, decrease the risk of complications, and enhance overall well-being.
Surgical Interventions
In some cases, surgical interventions may be considered for individuals with advanced centrilobar emphysema that does not respond to conservative treatments. Two common surgical procedures include:
- Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS): This procedure involves removing damaged, hyperinflated parts of the lungs to improve lung function and alleviate symptoms. By reducing the lung volume, LVRS allows the remaining healthier lung tissue to function more efficiently.
- Lung Transplantation: In severe cases of centrilobar emphysema, lung transplantation may be an option. This surgical procedure involves replacing one or both diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs. Lung transplantation can restore lung function, improve quality of life, and extend survival for suitable candidates.
It is important to note that surgical interventions, including LVRS and lung transplantation, are complex procedures that require careful patient evaluation and consideration of individual factors. These interventions are typically reserved for individuals with advanced disease who have exhausted all other treatment options.
Oxygen Therapy and Surgical Interventions
Individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema may require oxygen therapy or surgical interventions as part of their treatment plan. Oxygen therapy involves the administration of supplemental oxygen to improve lung function and alleviate symptoms, while surgical interventions such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation aim to provide long-term relief for those with advanced disease.
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen therapy is a common treatment option for individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema and COPD. It involves the use of devices that deliver oxygen directly to the lungs, such as nasal cannulas or oxygen concentrators. This therapy helps increase the oxygen levels in the blood, allowing the body to function more efficiently and reducing the workload on the lungs. By improving oxygenation, oxygen therapy can alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath and enhance overall lung health.
Surgical Interventions
In cases where conservative treatments are not sufficient, surgical interventions may be considered for individuals with advanced centrilobar emphysema. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a procedure that involves removing the damaged parts of the lungs to improve lung function. By reducing lung volume, LVRS allows the remaining healthier lung tissue to work more effectively, resulting in improved breathing and exercise capacity. For individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema who do not respond to other treatments, lung transplantation may be an option. This surgical procedure involves replacing one or both diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs. Lung transplantation can significantly improve lung function and quality of life for eligible candidates. It is important to note that surgical interventions are complex procedures with potential risks and complications. They are usually reserved for individuals with advanced disease who have undergone thorough evaluation and exhausted other treatment options. The decision to pursue surgery is made on an individual basis, considering factors such as overall health, lung function, and suitability for the procedure. Overall, oxygen therapy and surgical interventions represent important treatment options for individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema. These interventions aim to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, and enhance overall lung health, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for patients with this condition.
| Treatment Option | Description |
|---|---|
| Oxygen Therapy | Administration of supplemental oxygen to improve lung function and alleviate symptoms in individuals with severe centrilobar emphysema and COPD. |
| Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS) | A surgical procedure that involves removing the damaged parts of the lungs to improve lung function and alleviate symptoms. |
| Lung Transplantation | A surgical procedure that involves replacing one or both diseased lungs with healthy donor lungs for individuals with advanced centrilobar emphysema. |
Lifestyle Changes and Self-Management
When it comes to managing centrilobar emphysema, making certain lifestyle changes and adopting self-management strategies can greatly improve outcomes and enhance overall well-being. These proactive steps can complement medical treatment options and help individuals with this lung disease live a more fulfilling life.
Smoking Cessation
One of the most crucial lifestyle changes for individuals with centrilobar emphysema is quitting smoking. Smoking-related emphysema is a primary cause of this condition, and continued smoking can exacerbate symptoms and worsen lung function. Quitting smoking not only slows down the progression of the disease, but it also improves respiratory health and reduces the risk of complications.
Proper Nutrition
COPD and centrilobar emphysema can affect the body’s ability to efficiently utilize nutrients and energy. Therefore, adopting a healthy and well-balanced diet is essential for managing symptoms and supporting lung health. Individuals with this lung disease should focus on consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Proper nutrition can help maintain a healthy weight, strengthen the immune system, and provide the necessary sustenance for everyday activities.
Regular Exercise
Engaging in regular physical activity is beneficial for individuals with centrilobar emphysema. Although it may seem counterintuitive due to difficulties breathing, exercise can actually improve lung function, strengthen respiratory muscles, and enhance overall endurance. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to develop a customized exercise plan that suits individual needs and limitations. Options such as pulmonary rehabilitation programs can provide structured exercise guidance and techniques to optimize lung function.
Symptom Management Techniques
Individuals with centrilobar emphysema often experience common symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Learning appropriate symptom management techniques can significantly improve quality of life. Techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, pursed lip breathing, and coughing and mucus-clearing strategies can help individuals effectively manage and alleviate symptoms, enabling them to carry out daily activities with greater ease.
By incorporating these lifestyle changes and self-management strategies into their daily routine, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can take an active role in managing their lung disease and improving their overall well-being. These measures, combined with appropriate medical treatment options, provide a comprehensive approach to reducing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and enhancing quality of life for those affected by centrilobar emphysema.
Managing Flare-Ups and Exacerbations
Effective management of centrilobar emphysema involves recognizing and managing flare-ups and exacerbations promptly. These episodes can significantly impact lung health and overall well-being, so it’s essential to take appropriate measures to minimize their frequency and severity.
Early Recognition of Symptoms
One of the first steps in managing flare-ups is learning to recognize the early signs and symptoms. Individuals with centrilobar emphysema may experience worsening shortness of breath, increased coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness during flare-ups. By being alert to these changes, individuals can seek timely medical intervention and adjust their treatment plan accordingly.
Proper Medication Use
Adhering to the prescribed medication regimen is crucial for managing exacerbations. Inhalers, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation, open airways, and alleviate respiratory distress during flare-ups. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage and frequency of medication use to maximize their effectiveness and minimize symptoms.
Emergency Care in Severe Cases
In severe cases of centrilobar emphysema exacerbations, emergency medical care may be necessary. If breathing difficulties become severe or persistent, or if symptoms worsen rapidly, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial. Emergency healthcare providers can provide interventions such as oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and respiratory support to stabilize the condition and improve lung function.
Prevention Strategies
Preventing flare-ups is equally important in managing centrilobar emphysema. Individuals with this condition should take proactive steps to minimize exposure to triggers such as respiratory infections, air pollutants, and smoking. Adhering to a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, proper nutrition, and avoiding tobacco smoke, can help strengthen the respiratory system and reduce the risk of exacerbations.
Self-Management and COPD Action Plan
Creating a personalized COPD action plan with the guidance of healthcare professionals can empower individuals to manage flare-ups effectively. This plan includes instructions on medication use, emergency contacts, and steps to take during exacerbations. Regular self-monitoring, staying updated on vaccinations, and participating in pulmonary rehabilitation programs can also contribute to long-term management and prevention of flare-ups.
| Treatment Options | Flare-Up Management | Prevention Strategies |
|---|---|---|
| Medication: Inhalers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids | Early recognition of symptoms | Avoiding respiratory infections |
| Pulmonary Rehabilitation | Proper medication use | Minimizing exposure to air pollutants |
| Oxygen Therapy | Emergency care in severe cases | Quitting smoking |
| Surgical Interventions | Prevention strategies | Maintaining a healthy lifestyle |
Support and Resources
In the management of centrilobar emphysema, seeking support and utilizing available resources are crucial for individuals. There are various organizations and healthcare providers that offer valuable information, guidance, and assistance to those dealing with this lung disease.
Acibadem Healthcare Group stands as a reputable source of support and reliable information for individuals with centrilobar emphysema. With a dedicated team of healthcare professionals and specialists, Acibadem provides comprehensive care and innovative treatment options tailored to the unique needs of patients.
In addition to medical expertise, Acibadem offers a range of resources to educate and empower individuals with centrilobar emphysema. These resources may include informative articles, educational materials, support groups, and online communities where patients can connect with others facing similar challenges.
By accessing support and resources available through Acibadem Healthcare Group, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can gain a better understanding of their condition, receive guidance in managing their symptoms, and find emotional support during their healthcare journey.
Remember, you don’t have to face centrilobar emphysema alone. Reach out to Acibadem and other organizations to access the support and resources you need to navigate this lung disease with confidence.
Conclusion and Outlook
In conclusion, centrilobar emphysema is a challenging lung disease that requires proactive management and ongoing medical care. This progressive condition, characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the central portion of the lungs, can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life.
Fortunately, there are various treatment options available to help individuals with centrilobar emphysema. These options include medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and surgical interventions for severe cases. It is important for individuals to work closely with their healthcare providers to determine the best treatment plan based on their specific needs.
Although centrilobar emphysema can be a lifelong condition, with proper treatment and self-management strategies, individuals can improve lung health and minimize symptoms. It is crucial to maintain a supportive network of healthcare professionals, family, and friends who can provide guidance, encouragement, and assistance when needed. By taking a proactive approach and staying committed to treatment, individuals with centrilobar emphysema can lead fulfilling lives and enjoy better respiratory health.
FAQ
What is centrilobar emphysema?
Centrilobar emphysema is a form of lung disease characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the central portion of the lungs, leading to respiratory difficulties.
What causes centrilobar emphysema?
The primary cause of centrilobar emphysema is smoking-related emphysema, where prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke damages the airways and leads to alveolar destruction.
Is centrilobar emphysema the same as other forms of emphysema?
No, centrilobar emphysema is a specific type of emphysema that primarily affects the central part of the lung, as opposed to other forms that may involve the entire lung or different regions.
