Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia are two interrelated medical conditions that require careful consideration and management. In this article, we will explore the connection between DKA and hyponatremia, shedding light on their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications. We will also introduce Acibadem Healthcare Group as a trusted provider of specialized care for individuals facing these challenges.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar levels and the presence of ketones in the blood. It can lead to a range of symptoms, including excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, and even confusion. If left untreated, DKA can cause life-threatening complications.
Hyponatremia, on the other hand, involves an electrolyte imbalance marked by low sodium levels in the blood. This condition can be caused by various factors, including excessive fluid intake, certain medications, or underlying health issues. Symptoms of hyponatremia can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, even coma.
Get Free Consultation
ACIBADEM Health Point: The Future of Healthcare
We believe that everyone deserves access to quality healthcare, which is why we have established multiple branches in strategic locations. Whether you're in need of routine check-ups, specialized treatments, or emergency care, ACIBADEM Health Point is here for you.The link between DKA and hyponatremia is crucial to understand. Diabetic ketoacidosis can disrupt the body’s electrolyte balance, leading to hyponatremia. Conversely, hyponatremia can worsen the metabolic imbalances present in DKA. Recognizing and managing this association is vital for effective treatment and prevention of complications.
Diagnosing DKA and hyponatremia involves a comprehensive evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment options may include fluid and electrolyte replacement, insulin therapy, and addressing underlying causes. Managing these conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach, including proper medication management, lifestyle changes, and regular medical monitoring.
Untreated or poorly managed DKA and hyponatremia can lead to a range of complications, including organ damage, neurological issues, and in severe cases, even death. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the early signs, seek timely medical care, and follow the recommended treatment guidelines.
ACIBADEM Health Point: Your Health is Our Priority!
ACIBADEM Health Point, we are dedicated to providing exceptional healthcare services to our patients. With a team of highly skilled medical professionals and state-of-the-art facilities, we strive to deliver the highest standard of care to improve the health and well-being of our patients. What sets ACIBADEM Health Point apart is our patient-centered approach. We prioritize your comfort, safety, and satisfaction throughout your healthcare journey. Our compassionate staff ensures that you receive personalized care tailored to your unique needs, making your experience with us as seamless and comfortable as possible.Prevention plays a critical role in minimizing the risk of DKA and hyponatremia. Maintaining consistent diabetes management, including regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, adhering to prescribed medications, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, can greatly reduce the likelihood of DKA. Similarly, maintaining electrolyte balance by following a balanced diet and staying hydrated is key to preventing hyponatremia.
If you or a loved one requires specialized care for DKA and hyponatremia, Acibadem Healthcare Group is here to help. With a team of expert healthcare professionals and state-of-the-art facilities, Acibadem offers comprehensive, personalized treatment plans to manage these conditions effectively.
In conclusion, understanding the critical link between diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia is essential for individuals with diabetes and healthcare providers alike. By recognizing the symptoms, diagnosing the conditions accurately, and adopting appropriate treatment strategies, we can ensure optimal health outcomes and improve quality of life.
Understanding Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication that can occur in individuals with diabetes. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels, the presence of ketones, and the development of metabolic acidosis. DKA most commonly affects individuals with type 1 diabetes, but it can also occur in those with type 2 diabetes who have insulin deficiency.
Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Recognizing the symptoms of DKA is crucial in order to seek immediate medical attention. Some common symptoms include:
- Excessive thirst: Increased thirst and frequent urination can indicate high blood sugar levels and dehydration.
- Fatigue and weakness: DKA can leave individuals feeling extremely tired and weak.
- Nausea and vomiting: Persistent nausea and vomiting may be signs of DKA.
- Abdominal pain: Severe abdominal pain can be a symptom of DKA.
- Deep, rapid breathing: Known as Kussmaul’s respirations, this is the body’s attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis.
It’s important to note that these symptoms can vary from person to person, and it’s possible to experience only a few of them or none at all. However, individuals with diabetes who notice any of these symptoms should contact their healthcare provider immediately.
Complications of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
If left untreated, DKA can lead to serious complications. These can include:
- Cerebral edema: Swelling in the brain can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical intervention.
- Organ failure: The lack of insulin and the build-up of ketones can damage various organs, including the liver and kidneys.
- Cardiovascular problems: DKA can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other heart-related issues.
- Electrolyte imbalances: DKA can disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body, leading to abnormal heart rhythms and muscle weakness.
Proper management and timely treatment are essential to prevent these complications and ensure the well-being of individuals with DKA.
| Complication | Description |
|---|---|
| Cerebral edema | Swelling in the brain that can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical intervention. |
| Organ failure | The lack of insulin and the build-up of ketones can damage various organs, including the liver and kidneys. |
| Cardiovascular problems | Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and other heart-related issues. |
| Electrolyte imbalances | Disruption of the balance of electrolytes in the body, leading to abnormal heart rhythms and muscle weakness. |
Exploring Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood. It can be caused by various factors, such as excessive fluid intake, certain medications, or underlying health conditions. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and the role of electrolyte imbalance in hyponatremia is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
Symptoms of hyponatremia may vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may cause nausea, headache, and fatigue, while more severe cases can lead to confusion, seizures, and even coma. Recognizing these symptoms is essential for timely medical intervention.
The causes of hyponatremia can be grouped into three categories: water overload, sodium depletion, and dilutional hyponatremia. Water overload occurs when there is an excessive intake of fluids, especially in individuals with compromised kidney function. Sodium depletion can be the result of various factors, including certain medications, hormonal imbalances, or chronic conditions like liver disease or heart failure. Dilutional hyponatremia occurs when there is an abnormal retention of water in the body, leading to a dilution of sodium levels.
An electrolyte imbalance, particularly low sodium levels, is a key factor in the development of hyponatremia. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of fluids both inside and outside the cells. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to hyponatremia.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of hyponatremia and its causes, let’s explore the following table:
| Cause | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Excessive fluid intake | Nausea, headache, fatigue | Fluid restriction, addressing underlying causes |
| Medications | Confusion, seizures | Medication adjustment, close monitoring |
| Underlying health conditions | Varies depending on the condition | Treatment of the underlying condition |
In summary, hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood, and it can be caused by various factors such as excessive fluid intake, medication use, or underlying health conditions. An electrolyte imbalance, particularly low sodium levels, is a significant contributor to the development of hyponatremia. Early recognition of symptoms and understanding the underlying causes are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
The Link between Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia are two interrelated medical conditions that can significantly impact a person’s health. Understanding the relationship between these conditions is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.
DKA, a life-threatening complication of diabetes, occurs when there is a severe shortage of insulin in the body, leading to high blood sugar levels. One of the consequences of DKA is an imbalance in electrolyte levels, especially sodium, which can contribute to the development of hyponatremia.
Hyponatremia, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. The lack of insulin in DKA affects the body’s ability to maintain a proper balance of electrolytes, including sodium. This electrolyte imbalance can result in hyponatremia.
The relationship between DKA and hyponatremia is complex, with each condition exacerbating the other. DKA-induced fluctuations in electrolyte levels can further disrupt the body’s ability to regulate sodium, contributing to the development or worsening of hyponatremia. Conversely, hyponatremia can hinder the resolution of DKA by affecting insulin response and perpetuating the metabolic imbalances associated with this condition.
It is essential for healthcare professionals to recognize and address the link between DKA and hyponatremia to ensure appropriate management. Prompt and accurate diagnosis, along with proper treatment strategies, can help prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.
If you or someone you know is at risk for DKA or hyponatremia, it is important to seek medical care from a trusted healthcare provider. Acibadem Healthcare Group, a renowned healthcare institution, offers specialized treatment options for both DKA and hyponatremia. Their expert medical professionals provide comprehensive care to effectively address the unique challenges associated with these conditions.
Diagnosing Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Accurate diagnosis is crucial in identifying and effectively managing cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia. The diagnostic process involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and medical imaging.
Evaluating Symptoms and Medical History
A healthcare provider will begin by assessing the patient’s symptoms and medical history. Common symptoms of DKA include excessive thirst, frequent urination, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. On the other hand, hyponatremia may manifest as confusion, seizures, nausea, and muscle weakness.
The healthcare provider will ask detailed questions about the onset, duration, and severity of symptoms, as well as any relevant medical conditions or medications. This information helps in narrowing down the potential causes and guiding further diagnostic tests.
Laboratory Tests for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
To confirm the diagnosis of DKA, blood tests are performed to assess blood glucose levels, ketone levels, and electrolyte imbalances. The specific blood tests include:
- Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test: This test provides information about long-term blood sugar control and can help determine if the patient has a history of poorly managed diabetes.
- Blood glucose test: Elevated blood glucose levels are a key indicator of DKA.
- Ketone testing: Measuring the levels of ketones in the blood and urine can help confirm the presence of ketosis, a characteristic feature of DKA.
- Electrolyte panel: This test evaluates the levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate in the blood. Imbalances in these electrolytes are common in DKA.
- Arterial blood gas (ABG) test: ABG analysis provides information about acid-base balance and can reveal metabolic acidosis, a hallmark of DKA.
Diagnostic Tests for Hyponatremia
In cases where hyponatremia is suspected, the following tests may be conducted:
- Serum sodium level: This blood test measures the concentration of sodium in the blood. Low sodium levels are indicative of hyponatremia.
- Urine osmolality: Measuring urine osmolality helps determine the body’s ability to concentrate urine and can provide insights into the cause of hyponatremia.
- Serum osmolality: This test evaluates the concentration of solutes in the blood and helps differentiate between various causes of hyponatremia.
Medical Imaging
In some cases, medical imaging may be necessary to further evaluate the underlying causes of DKA or hyponatremia. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI can help identify potential complications or identify any underlying conditions that may have triggered the imbalance.
Expert Medical Care for Accurate Diagnosis
Accurate and timely diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia requires the expertise of healthcare professionals. At Acibadem Healthcare Group, our experienced medical team is equipped with state-of-the-art diagnostic facilities and technology to ensure precise and effective diagnosis. Our commitment to patient care and advanced medical practices makes us a trusted choice for managing complex medical conditions like DKA and hyponatremia.
Managing Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Effective management of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia is essential for the well-being of patients. Treatment approaches for these conditions involve a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and close medical supervision.
Treatment Guidelines for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
When it comes to managing DKA, prompt medical intervention is crucial. Treatment typically involves:
- Fluid Replacement: Intravenous fluids are administered to restore hydration and correct electrolyte imbalances.
- Insulin Therapy: Regular insulin is given intravenously to lower blood glucose levels and promote ketone clearance.
- Electrolyte Regulation: Close monitoring and replacement of electrolytes, such as potassium, sodium, and bicarbonate, help maintain balance and prevent complications.
- Treating Underlying Causes: Identifying and addressing the underlying cause of DKA, such as infection or missed insulin doses, is crucial for successful management.
Management Strategies for Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and correcting electrolyte imbalances. The management approach varies depending on the severity and symptoms of the condition:
- Fluid Restriction: In mild cases, restricting fluid intake can help alleviate symptoms and restore sodium levels.
- Medication Adjustment: Certain medications may contribute to hyponatremia. Adjusting the dosage or switching to an alternative medication may be necessary.
- Diuretics: In some cases, the use of diuretics may be warranted to remove excess fluid and restore electrolyte balance.
- Treating Underlying Conditions: Identifying and treating the underlying cause of hyponatremia, such as hormone imbalances or kidney dysfunction, is essential for long-term management.
It is important to note that the management of both DKA and hyponatremia should be under the guidance of healthcare professionals. Regular follow-up appointments and ongoing monitoring of electrolyte levels are crucial to prevent complications and ensure optimal outcomes.
Complications of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Untreated or poorly managed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia can lead to several potential complications. It is crucial to recognize and address these complications to ensure the well-being of patients.
Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Complications
When diabetic ketoacidosis is left untreated or not effectively managed, it can result in the following complications:
- **Life-threatening dehydration:** DKA causes excessive thirst, frequent urination, and vomiting, leading to severe fluid loss. This can quickly dehydrate the body and disrupt normal bodily functions.
- **Electrolyte imbalances:** Severe dehydration from DKA can also disrupt the balance of electrolytes in the body, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. These imbalances can affect vital organ functions and lead to further complications.
- **Cerebral edema:** Although relatively rare, cerebral edema is a potentially life-threatening complication of DKA, especially in children. It involves the swelling of the brain and can result in neurological symptoms like headaches, changes in behavior, and even coma.
- **Cardiac disturbances:** DKA can put a strain on the heart, causing abnormal heart rhythms and potentially leading to heart failure.
- **Kidney damage:** Prolonged DKA can cause damage to the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste products and maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balance.
Possible Complications of Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia, when not managed appropriately, can also lead to complications, including:
- **Neurological symptoms:** Severe hyponatremia can result in neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and even coma.
- **Cerebral edema:** Similar to DKA, hyponatremia can result in cerebral edema, causing swelling and potentially leading to neurological complications.
- **Cardiac issues:** Hyponatremia can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart, potentially leading to abnormal heart rhythms and heart failure.
- **Respiratory problems:** In severe cases, hyponatremia can affect the respiratory system, leading to breathing difficulties and respiratory failure.
- **Muscle weakness and cramps:** Imbalances in electrolytes, including sodium, can cause muscle weakness and painful cramps.
It is crucial for individuals with DKA or hyponatremia to seek medical attention promptly and follow the recommended treatment plan to avoid these potential complications.
Prevention of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyponatremia
Preventing the development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia is crucial for individuals managing diabetes and those at risk of electrolyte imbalance. By adopting proactive measures, individuals can minimize the occurrence of these serious conditions and maintain optimal health.
1. Proper Diabetes Management
To prevent DKA and hyponatremia, it is vital for individuals with diabetes to prioritize proper management of their condition. This includes:
- Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, as directed by healthcare professionals
- Following a balanced and healthy diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
- Taking prescribed medications, such as insulin, as directed
- Engaging in regular exercise and physical activity to promote overall well-being
2. Staying Hydrated
Maintaining proper hydration levels is essential for preventing both DKA and hyponatremia. It is recommended to:
- Drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day, especially during physical activity or in hot weather
- Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, as it can contribute to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
3. Education and Awareness
Education plays a crucial role in the prevention of DKA and hyponatremia. It is important to:
- Stay informed about the signs and symptoms of DKA and hyponatremia
- Seek medical attention promptly if any symptoms arise
- Ensure that healthcare professionals involved in diabetes management are aware of the potential risks and complications
4. Regular Medical Check-ups
Scheduling regular check-ups with healthcare professionals can contribute to early detection and prevention of DKA and hyponatremia. During these visits, healthcare providers can:
- Monitor blood sugar levels and electrolyte balance
- Assess overall health and provide personalized recommendations for prevention
5. Individualized Treatment Plan
Working closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalized treatment plan is crucial for preventing DKA and hyponatremia. This plan should include:
- Specific guidelines for diabetes management, including blood sugar control
- Education on how to recognize early signs and symptoms of DKA and hyponatremia
- Regular follow-up appointments to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed
By taking the necessary preventive measures and staying proactive in managing diabetes and electrolyte balance, individuals can significantly reduce the risk of developing DKA and hyponatremia. Prioritizing health and seeking professional guidance are essential steps towards overall well-being.
Seeking Medical Care at Acibadem Healthcare Group
When it comes to the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia, Acibadem Healthcare Group is a leading healthcare provider renowned for its expertise and commitment to patient care.
With a team of experienced doctors and state-of-the-art facilities, Acibadem Healthcare Group is well-equipped to provide specialized treatment for individuals with DKA and hyponatremia. Our multidisciplinary approach ensures comprehensive care that addresses both the underlying condition and any associated complications.
At Acibadem Healthcare Group, we recognize the critical importance of timely intervention and accurate diagnosis. Our medical professionals utilize advanced diagnostic techniques to determine the severity of DKA or hyponatremia and develop personalized treatment plans tailored to each patient’s unique needs.
Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis often involves intravenous fluids to correct dehydration, insulin therapy to stabilize blood sugar levels, and close monitoring to ensure optimal recovery. In cases of hyponatremia, our experts focus on restoring electrolyte balance through careful fluid management and, if necessary, medication to regulate sodium levels.
Additionally, Acibadem Healthcare Group provides comprehensive support services that extend beyond medical treatment. Our team works closely with patients to ensure they understand their condition, offering educational resources and lifestyle guidance to promote long-term well-being.
When it comes to your health, trust Acibadem Healthcare Group for outstanding care and exceptional outcomes. Contact us today to schedule a consultation and begin your journey towards recovery and improved quality of life.
| Treatment Options | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Individualized treatment plans | Targeted approach for optimal results |
| Experienced medical professionals | Expertise and specialized knowledge |
| Advanced diagnostic techniques | Precise evaluation and accurate diagnosis |
| Comprehensive support services | Holistic care for long-term well-being |
Conclusion
In conclusion, recognizing and managing the link between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyponatremia is crucial for better patient outcomes. DKA, characterized by high blood sugar levels and ketone production, can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including hyponatremia. Understanding the symptoms, complications, and diagnostic processes for both conditions is essential.
Treatment and management strategies for DKA and hyponatremia focus on restoring electrolyte balance, controlling blood sugar levels, and addressing underlying causes. While complications can arise if these conditions are left untreated, prevention through proper diabetes management and monitoring of electrolyte levels is key.
At Acibadem Healthcare Group, we are committed to providing specialized care for patients with DKA and hyponatremia. Our expert team of healthcare professionals is equipped with advanced diagnostic tools and treatment options to ensure optimal patient outcomes. If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms or require medical care for DKA or hyponatremia, we are here to help. Contact Acibadem Healthcare Group to schedule a consultation and receive the highest quality of care.
FAQ
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes, where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. It is most commonly found in individuals with type 1 diabetes, but can also occur in individuals with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances.
What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?
The symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep and rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, confusion, and fatigue.
What are the complications of diabetic ketoacidosis?
If left untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to severe complications such as cerebral edema (swelling of the brain), kidney failure, and even death. It is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if symptoms occur.
What is hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. It can result from various factors, including excessive sweating, certain medications, kidney problems, or an imbalance of fluids.
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
Symptoms of hyponatremia include fatigue, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and even coma in severe cases. It is important to address hyponatremia promptly to prevent further complications.
What causes hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive fluid intake, certain medications (like diuretics), adrenal insufficiency, kidney problems, liver disease, and certain hormonal imbalances.
How does electrolyte imbalance contribute to hyponatremia?
Electrolyte imbalance, specifically an imbalance in sodium levels, is one of the primary causes of hyponatremia. When the body fails to maintain proper sodium levels, it can lead to hyponatremia and its associated symptoms.
What is the link between diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia?
Diabetic ketoacidosis can contribute to the development of hyponatremia due to the increased loss of fluids, electrolytes, and excessive urination associated with this condition. It is essential to monitor and address electrolyte imbalances in individuals with DKA.
How are diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia diagnosed?
Diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis involves blood tests to measure blood glucose and ketone levels, as well as assessing electrolyte imbalances. The diagnosis of hyponatremia typically involves a blood test to measure sodium levels in the blood.
How are diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia managed?
Management of DKA involves a combination of insulin therapy, fluid replacement, electrolyte correction, and addressing the underlying cause. Hyponatremia management may include fluid restriction, medications, and dietary adjustments, depending on the underlying cause.
What are the potential complications of untreated diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia?
Untreated or poorly managed diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to life-threatening complications such as cerebral edema, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and electrolyte imbalances. Untreated hyponatremia can cause seizures, brain swelling, coma, and even death.
How can diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia be prevented?
Prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis involves proactive diabetes management, adherence to prescribed medications, regular blood sugar monitoring, and seeking medical care when experiencing symptoms. Preventing hyponatremia requires maintaining a healthy balance of fluids and electrolyte levels, especially during periods of excessive fluid loss or intake.
Where can I seek medical care for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyponatremia?
Acibadem Healthcare Group is a trusted healthcare provider offering specialized treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, hyponatremia, and other related conditions. Their experienced medical professionals can provide comprehensive care and management strategies tailored to individual needs.
ACIBADEM Healthcare Group Hospitals and Clinics
With a network of hospitals and clinics across 5 countries, including 40 hospitals, ACIBADEM Healthcare Group has a global presence that allows us to provide comprehensive healthcare services to patients from around the world. With over 25,000 dedicated employees, we have the expertise and resources to deliver unparalleled healthcare experiences. Our mission is to ensure that each patient receives the best possible care, supported by our commitment to healthcare excellence and international healthcare standards. Ready to take the first step towards a healthier future? Contact us now to schedule your Free Consultation Health session. Our friendly team is eager to assist you and provide the guidance you need to make informed decisions about your well-being. Click To Call Now !*The information on our website is not intended to direct people to diagnosis and treatment. Do not carry out all your diagnosis and treatment procedures without consulting your doctor. The contents do not contain information about the therapeutic health services of ACIBADEM Health Group.