Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer? Unveiling the Truth
Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer? Unveiling the Truth By examining the scientific research and expert insights, we aim to clarify any misconceptions and help you make informed decisions about your sun protection.
Sunscreen safety is a topic of considerable interest and concern among the general public. Many questions arise: Are the ingredients in sunscreens safe to use? Could sunscreen increase the risk of developing skin cancer? These questions can be overwhelming and often lead to confusion.
In Section 2, we will delve into the importance of sunscreen safety, addressing the potential risks associated with its use. We will explore the different types of sunscreens available and examine the ingredients commonly found in these products. By understanding sunscreen safety, you can make informed choices about the sun protection products you use.
However, it’s essential to separate fact from fiction. In Section 3, we will debunk common myths and misconceptions surrounding sunscreen and its alleged link to skin cancer. By providing evidence-based information, we hope to dispel any misunderstandings and provide a clearer understanding of the role sunscreen plays in protecting our skin.
In Section 4, we will focus specifically on mineral sunscreens, examining their safety profile and addressing any misconceptions. Similarly, in Section 5, we will shed light on the potential risks associated with chemical sunscreens, analyzing the scientific evidence and controversies surrounding their use.
One specific concern often raised is the presence of carcinogens in sunscreens. In Section 6, we will investigate whether sunscreens contain carcinogens and evaluate the actual risk they pose. We will provide an overview of regulatory guidelines and industry standards to ensure safer sun protection.
Section 7 will review relevant scientific studies that have explored the potential link between sunscreen use and an increased risk of skin cancer. We will critically analyze the findings and discuss the limitations of such studies, allowing you to grasp a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape.
While sunscreen is crucial, it’s important to consider other sun protection alternatives as well. In Section 8, we will highlight the significance of complementing sunscreen use with other measures, such as protective clothing, hats, and seeking shade.
When it comes to selecting sunscreen products, it’s crucial to know what to look for. In Section 9, we will provide practical tips and guidelines to help you navigate the vast array of options. We will discuss factors to consider, including SPF, broad-spectrum protection, and ingredients, empowering you to make informed choices.
In Section 10, you will find expert insights from the Acibadem Healthcare Group, renowned for their expertise in healthcare. Their recommendations, research-backed guidelines, and advice on sun protection will further enhance your understanding and decision-making process.
Finally, we will conclude this article in Section 11, summarizing the key findings regarding sunscreen safety and its potential link to cancer risk. Our aim is to provide you with factual information based on scientific evidence and expert recommendations, empowering you to prioritize your skin’s health.
Understanding Sunscreen Safety
When it comes to protecting our skin from harmful UV radiation, sunscreen plays a vital role. But have you ever wondered about the safety of sunscreen and the potential risks associated with its use? In this section, we will delve into the importance of sunscreen safety and explore the various types of sunscreens available in the market. We will also take a closer look at the ingredients commonly found in sunscreens and address any safety concerns that have been raised.
The Different Types of Sunscreens
Sunscreens can broadly be categorized into two types: chemical sunscreens and mineral sunscreens. Chemical sunscreens work by absorbing UV rays, while mineral sunscreens create a physical barrier on the skin to block UV rays.
Chemical sunscreens often contain ingredients such as oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate, which may have safety concerns associated with their use. On the other hand, mineral sunscreens rely on minerals like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, which are generally considered safe and provide broad-spectrum protection.
Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?: Safety Concerns and Controversies
Over the years, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of certain sunscreen ingredients. For example, oxybenzone has been linked to hormone disruption, and octinoxate has been shown to have adverse effects on marine life when washed off into water bodies. However, it’s crucial to note that the concentration of these ingredients in sunscreen formulations is typically quite low, and extensive research is ongoing to evaluate their potential risks.
In recent years, the issue of chemical sunscreens’ impact on coral reefs has gained significant attention. Studies have shown that certain chemical sunscreen ingredients can contribute to coral bleaching and damage delicate marine ecosystems. As a result, some regions have imposed bans or restrictions on chemical sunscreens in an effort to protect coral reefs.
Making Informed Choices
So, how can we make informed choices when it comes to selecting a safe sunscreen? It’s essential to read the product labels and look for sunscreens that offer broad-spectrum protection, meaning they protect against both UVA and UVB rays. Additionally, mineral sunscreens are generally considered safer options as they don’t contain potentially harmful chemicals.
Here’s a handy table comparing the key features of chemical and mineral sunscreens:
Type of Sunscreen | UV Protection Mechanism | Active Ingredients | Common Safety Concerns |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical Sunscreens | Absorbs UV rays | Oxybenzone, avobenzone, octinoxate, etc. | Hormone disruption, potential environmental impact |
Mineral Sunscreens | Physical barrier to block UV rays | Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide | Generally considered safe |
It’s important to note that sunscreen safety is a topic of ongoing research and scientific debate. Regulatory bodies continuously assess and update the safety guidelines for sunscreen ingredients based on new evidence and studies.
Now that we have a better understanding of sunscreen safety and the different types of sunscreens available, let’s debunk common myths and misconceptions surrounding sunscreen use and its alleged link to skin cancer in the next section.
Debunking Sunscreen and Skin Cancer Myths
There are numerous myths and misconceptions surrounding sunscreen use and its alleged link to skin cancer. In this section, we will provide evidence-based information to separate fact from fiction and clarify any misunderstandings.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
Myth 1: Sunscreen causes skin cancer.
The truth: Sunscreen is actually a vital tool in protecting the skin from harmful UV radiation, which is a known risk factor for skin cancer. Sunscreens work by absorbing or reflecting UV rays, reducing their penetration into the skin. Using sunscreen, along with other sun protection measures, can significantly lower the risk of skin cancer.
Myth 2: Higher SPF means better protection.
The truth: The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) indicates the level of protection against UVB rays, which are responsible for sunburn. While a higher SPF provides greater protection against sunburn, it does not necessarily offer proportionately higher protection against UVA rays, which are associated with skin aging and cancer. It is crucial to choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen that offers protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
Myth 3: Sunscreen is not necessary on cloudy or cold days.
The truth: Clouds and cold temperatures do not block UV rays. UV rays are present year-round and can penetrate through clouds, fog, and even glass. It is essential to wear sunscreen every day, regardless of the weather, to protect the skin from UV damage.
Myth 4: All sunscreens are created equal.
The truth: Sunscreens come in various forms, including lotions, creams, gels, and sprays. They also contain different active ingredients, such as mineral (physical) or chemical filters. While all sunscreens are designed to protect against UV rays, their effectiveness and safety can vary. It is crucial to choose a sunscreen that meets your specific needs and adheres to safety guidelines.
To summarize, sunscreen is a vital tool in protecting the skin from skin cancer. Debunking common myths surrounding sunscreen use can help individuals make informed decisions and prioritize sun protection for overall skin health.
Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?: The Role of Mineral Sunscreens
When it comes to sunscreen safety, mineral sunscreens have gained popularity in recent years. These sunscreens use physical blockers like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. Unlike chemical sunscreens, which work by absorbing and neutralizing UV radiation, mineral sunscreens create a physical barrier on the skin’s surface, reflecting and scattering the sun’s rays away from the skin.
Mineral sunscreens offer several benefits that contribute to their safety profile. They are generally considered less irritating and are suitable for sensitive skin. These sunscreens also provide broad-spectrum protection, shielding against both UVA and UVB rays. Additionally, mineral sunscreens start working immediately upon application, reducing the risk of sunburn and long-term skin damage.
Several misconceptions exist regarding mineral sunscreens, leading to doubts about their effectiveness. One common concern is that mineral sunscreens leave a white cast on the skin. However, advancements in formulation have resulted in mineral sunscreens that blend more seamlessly with different skin tones. Another misconception is that mineral sunscreens are less effective than chemical sunscreens. While it is true that mineral sunscreens may require more frequent reapplication, they are equally effective in protecting the skin from UV damage when used as directed.
When choosing a mineral sunscreen, it is important to look for products with a high percentage of zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. These active ingredients should be listed at the beginning of the ingredients list. Avoid sunscreens that contain potentially harmful additives, such as parabens, oxybenzone, or fragrances.
Comparison of Mineral and Chemical Sunscreens
Aspect | Mineral Sunscreens | Chemical Sunscreens |
---|---|---|
Mode of Action | Physical barrier | Chemical absorption |
Protection | Broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) | Broad-spectrum (UVA and UVB) |
Skin Sensitivity | Less irritating, suitable for sensitive skin | May cause irritation in some individuals |
Immediate Effectiveness | Starts working immediately upon application | May require waiting time before sun exposure |
Reapplication Frequency | May need more frequent reapplication | May offer longer-lasting protection |
When it comes to sunscreen safety, both mineral and chemical sunscreens can provide effective protection when used correctly. The choice between the two largely depends on personal preference, skin sensitivity, and desired application experience. It is crucial to apply sunscreen liberally and reapply it every two hours or more frequently when sweating or swimming.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
Understanding Chemical Sunscreen Risks
Chemical sunscreens are widely used for their ability to absorb and dissipate UV radiation, but there are potential risks associated with their use. Let’s take a closer look at some of these risks and the controversies surrounding chemical sunscreens.
The Safety of Common Sunscreen Chemicals
Many chemical sunscreens contain active ingredients such as avobenzone, oxybenzone, octinoxate, and homosalate. While these chemicals are effective in protecting the skin from the sun’s harmful rays, there have been concerns raised about their safety.
Some studies suggest that certain chemical sunscreen ingredients may cause hormone disruption, allergenic reactions, and even damage coral reefs when washed off into the ocean. However, it’s important to note that the potential risks associated with chemical sunscreens are still being debated among experts and more research is needed to establish a conclusive link.
Controversies Surrounding Chemical Sunscreens
The use of oxybenzone, in particular, has attracted controversy due to its potential ecological impact and hormonal effects. This chemical has been found to accumulate in the body and can be detected in urine and breast milk samples.
The controversy surrounding chemical sunscreens has resulted in some countries, such as Palau and Hawaii, banning the sale and use of sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate to protect coral reefs. However, it’s important to note that these bans are based on the potential environmental impact rather than direct evidence of harm to human health.
Chemical Sunscreen Risks | Evidence |
---|---|
Hormone Disruption | Preliminary studies suggest potential hormonal effects, but more research is needed for conclusive evidence. |
Allergic Reactions | Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to certain chemical sunscreen ingredients. |
Environmental Impact | Chemical sunscreens, when washed off, can contribute to coral reef damage and ecological disruptions. |
It’s important to remember that the potential risks associated with chemical sunscreens must be weighed against the known risks of unprotected sun exposure, which include sunburns, premature aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist to discuss the best sun protection options for your specific needs.
Unveiling the Truth: Sunscreen and Carcinogens
In the quest for sun protection, concerns have been raised about the presence of carcinogens in sunscreens and the potential risks they may pose to our health. In this section, we will explore the presence of these substances in sunscreens and evaluate the actual risk they pose.
Regulatory guidelines and industry standards play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of sunscreens. Regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) closely monitor the use of sunscreen ingredients to minimize risks to consumers.
The Role of Regulation in Sunscreen Safety
The FDA provides strict guidelines on the ingredients that can be used in sunscreens and establishes limits on their concentrations. Additionally, the ECHA conducts comprehensive assessments of sunscreen ingredients to ensure their safety and compatibility with human health and the environment.
Through stringent testing and evaluation processes, regulatory agencies help protect consumers from sunscreens that may contain harmful levels of carcinogens. These measures include assessing the potential for skin irritation, penetration into the body, and carcinogenicity of individual sunscreen ingredients.
Regulatory Agency | Sunscreen Ingredient Safety Assessment |
---|---|
U.S. FDA | Establishes limits on concentrations of sunscreen ingredients and assesses their safety |
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | Conducts comprehensive assessments of sunscreen ingredients to ensure safety |
Please note that when used as directed and in accordance with regulatory guidelines, the levels of carcinogens in sunscreens are generally considered safe for most individuals. It is essential to follow the instructions on sunscreen labels and use them as intended for optimal protection.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
It is also worth noting that advancements are being made in the development of safer sunscreen ingredients. Researchers continue to explore alternatives to potentially harmful chemicals, paving the way for sunscreens with improved safety profiles.
In the next section, we will examine relevant scientific studies that have investigated the potential link between sunscreen use and an increased risk of cancer. By critically analyzing these studies, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
Examining Studies on Sunscreen and Cancer Risk
When it comes to sun protection, concerns about sunscreen and its potential link to cancer risk have become a topic of debate. In this section, we will take a closer look at the scientific studies that have explored this association, providing a critical analysis of their findings and addressing the limitations of such research.
Another study, conducted by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, analyzed data from over 1,600 participants and concluded that regular use of sunscreen was associated with a reduced risk of melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer.
While these studies provide some insights into the potential effects of sunscreen on cancer risk, it is important to note the limitations of such research. Many of these studies rely on self-reported data and may be subject to recall bias or confounding factors. Additionally, the studies often focus on specific populations, which may limit their generalizability to the wider population as a whole.
Overall, the current evidence does not strongly support a direct link between sunscreen use and an increased risk of cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends the use of broad-spectrum sunscreen as part of a comprehensive sun protection strategy to help prevent skin damage and reduce the risk of skin cancer. It is essential to remember that sun protection should not rely solely on sunscreen and should incorporate other measures such as seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding peak sun hours.
While further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between sunscreen use and cancer risk, it is important to continue practicing sun-safe behaviors and using sunscreen as part of a comprehensive sun protection routine.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
The Importance of Sun Protection Alternatives
While sunscreen plays a crucial role in protecting our skin from harmful UV rays, it’s important to remember that it shouldn’t be our only line of defense. Incorporating sun protection alternatives into our daily routine can provide additional safeguarding against sun damage. Here, we will explore various measures beyond sunscreen that can aid in minimizing the risk of skin damage and related complications.
1. Clothing:
Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and wide-brimmed hats, can provide physical sunblock. Opt for tightly woven fabrics that offer better protection against harmful UV rays.
2. Seeking Shade:
Avoiding direct sunlight during peak hours, typically from 10 am to 4 pm, can significantly reduce exposure to UV rays. Seek shade under trees, umbrellas, or use structures that provide shade to minimize direct sunlight on the skin.
3. Sunglasses:
Don’t forget to protect your eyes from UV damage by wearing sunglasses that offer adequate UV protection. Look for sunglasses that block both UVA and UVB rays to shield your eyes from potential harm.
4. Sun-Protective Accessories:
Consider using sun-protective accessories like UV-rated umbrellas and sun shields for the car’s windows. These additional precautions can help limit exposure to harmful UV rays.
By incorporating these sun protection alternatives into our daily routines, we can create a comprehensive shield against the damaging effects of the sun. Remember, consistently adopting these measures alongside the use of sunscreen can significantly contribute to maintaining optimal skin health.
When it comes to sunscreen, choosing the right product is crucial for ensuring skin safety under the sun. In this section, we will provide practical tips and guidelines to help you navigate through the numerous sunscreen options available on the market. From SPF levels to broad-spectrum protection and ingredient considerations, we’ll equip you with the knowledge to make informed choices.
1. SPF – Sun Protection Factor
One of the first things to consider when selecting sunscreen is the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). SPF measures the level of protection against UVB rays, which are responsible for sunburns. The higher the SPF, the greater the protection.
While SPF 30 is the minimum recommended, dermatologists often advise using SPF 50 or higher for adequate protection. It’s important to note that regardless of the SPF level, sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours or after swimming or sweating excessively.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
2. Broad-Spectrum Protection
Look for sunscreens that offer broad-spectrum protection, meaning they shield the skin from both UVA and UVB rays. UVA rays contribute to premature aging and skin cancer, while UVB rays are responsible for sunburns. Ensuring your sunscreen provides broad-spectrum protection offers comprehensive defense against both types of rays.
3. Check the Ingredients
Examining the ingredients list is crucial for understanding what you’re putting on your skin. Look for sunscreens that contain safe and effective ingredients, such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are mineral-based and provide physical sun protection. These ingredients work by reflecting and scattering the sun’s rays away from the skin.
On the other hand, some chemical sunscreen ingredients, like oxybenzone and octinoxate, have raised safety concerns. These chemicals can penetrate the skin and potentially disrupt hormone function. If you’re concerned about chemical ingredients, opt for mineral-based sunscreens.
4. Consider Your Skin Type
Consider your skin type when selecting sunscreen. If you have sensitive or acne-prone skin, look for products labeled as non-comedogenic and hypoallergenic. These formulations are less likely to clog pores or cause irritation.
For those with oily or combination skin, consider oil-free or mattifying sunscreens to help control shine. Dry skin types may benefit from moisturizing sunscreens with added hydration.
5. Choose Water-Resistant Formulas
If you plan on swimming, participating in water activities, or sweating profusely, it’s essential to choose a water-resistant sunscreen. Look for products labeled as “water-resistant” and check for the specific duration of water resistance listed on the packaging. Remember to reapply after toweling off or excessive sweating, even with water-resistant formulas.
6. Apply Sunscreen Correctly
Even with the best sunscreen, proper application is key to effective protection. Apply sunscreen generously and evenly to all exposed areas of the skin. Don’t forget commonly overlooked areas, such as the ears, back of the neck, and tops of the feet.
Remember to apply sunscreen at least 15 to 30 minutes before sun exposure to allow time for it to be absorbed by the skin. Be sure to reapply every two hours, especially if you’re outside for extended periods or engaging in water activities.
By considering these factors and following proper application techniques, you can confidently select a sunscreen that meets safety standards and provides optimal protection for your skin.
Expert Insights on Sunscreen Safety
In this section, we are pleased to share expert insights from the renowned Acibadem Healthcare Group on the topic of sunscreen safety. Drawing from their extensive expertise, the Acibadem Healthcare Group offers valuable recommendations, research-backed guidelines, and expert advice on sun protection.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer?
Importance of Sunscreen Safety
According to the Acibadem Healthcare Group, ensuring sunscreen safety is crucial for protecting our skin from harmful UV rays. Sunscreens play a pivotal role in preventing sunburns, premature aging, and reducing the risk of skin cancer.
However, it’s important to note that not all sunscreens are created equal. The Acibadem Healthcare Group emphasizes the significance of choosing sunscreens that meet safety standards and provide effective protection.
Research-backed Guidelines
The Acibadem Healthcare Group recommends following these research-backed guidelines for optimal sunscreen safety:
- Use broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB rays.
- Look for a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher.
- Apply sunscreen generously, covering all exposed areas of the skin.
- Reapply sunscreen every two hours, especially after swimming or sweating.
Expert Advice on Sun Protection
In addition to sunscreen, the Acibadem Healthcare Group highlights the importance of other sun protection measures. Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats, seeking shade during peak sun hours, and using sunglasses can further safeguard our skin from harmful UV radiation.
Remember, proper sun protection is essential year-round, even on cloudy days. By following these expert insights from the Acibadem Healthcare Group, you can make informed decisions and prioritize your skin’s health and safety.
Sunscreen Safety Tips | Expert Insights from Acibadem Healthcare Group |
---|---|
Choose broad-spectrum sunscreens. | Protects against UVA and UVB rays, reducing the risk of sun damage. |
Opt for SPF 30 or higher. | Provides adequate protection against harmful UV radiation. |
Apply sunscreen generously. | Cover all exposed areas of the skin to ensure proper coverage. |
Reapply every two hours. | Maintains consistent sun protection, especially after activities like swimming or sweating. |
Conclusion: Sunscreen and Cancer Risk
In conclusion, the evidence suggests that sunscreen is safe and plays a crucial role in protecting our skin from the harmful effects of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays. While concerns have been raised about the potential link between sunscreen and skin cancer, extensive research and expert opinions indicate that sunscreen is an effective tool in reducing the risk of developing skin cancer.
Multiple studies have consistently shown that regular sunscreen use can significantly lower the chances of developing various types of skin cancer, including melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. Sunscreen acts as a barrier, preventing UV radiation from penetrating the skin and causing DNA damage that can lead to cancerous mutations.Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer? Unveiling the Truth
It’s important to note that the safety of sunscreens can vary depending on the ingredients used. Choosing sunscreens that are labeled “broad-spectrum” and have a high sun protection factor (SPF) is recommended to ensure optimal protection. Furthermore, it is crucial to follow proper application techniques, reapply sunscreen as directed, and also complement sun protection measures with other strategies such as seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and using hats and sunglasses.
Overall, sunscreen safety remains a top priority for regulatory agencies and experts in the field. By understanding and adhering to sun protection guidelines, individuals can confidently enjoy the outdoors while minimizing the risk of skin cancer. Remember, prevention is key, and sunscreen is an essential tool to help safeguard our skin against the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.
Does Sunscreen Cause Cancer? : FAQ
Does sunscreen cause cancer?
There is no scientific evidence to suggest that sunscreen causes cancer. In fact, using sunscreen is an important measure to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation and reduce the risk of skin cancer.
What should I look for in sunscreen to ensure safety?
When choosing sunscreen, look for products that offer broad-spectrum protection, which means they protect against both UVA and UVB rays. Additionally, opt for sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 30 and consider the ingredients used, especially if you have sensitive skin or specific allergies.
Are the ingredients in sunscreen safe?
The ingredients used in sunscreens go through rigorous safety evaluations by regulatory authorities. Commonly used ingredients, such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in mineral sunscreens, have been considered safe and effective for sun protection.
Are there any risks associated with chemical sunscreens?
Some studies have suggested potential risks associated with certain chemical sunscreen ingredients, such as oxybenzone and octinoxate. However, these concerns have not been definitively proven and are still under investigation. It is important to note that the benefits of using sunscreen generally outweigh any potential risks.
Is mineral sunscreen safer than chemical sunscreen?
Mineral sunscreens, which contain ingredients like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, are generally considered safe and are less likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions compared to some chemical sunscreens. However, both types of sunscreens can provide effective sun protection when used properly.
Does sunscreen contain carcinogens?
Sunscreens on the market are required to meet safety standards and regulations. While some studies have detected trace amounts of potential carcinogens in certain sunscreen products, the actual risk they pose is considered very low and outweighed by the protective benefits of sunscreen against skin cancer.
Are there any studies linking sunscreen use to an increased risk of cancer?
Numerous scientific studies have consistently demonstrated that proper and regular use of sunscreen reduces the risk of skin cancer. Claims suggesting a link between sunscreen use and increased cancer risk are not supported by scientific evidence.
What other sun protection alternatives are there besides sunscreen?
In addition to using sunscreen, it is advisable to wear protective clothing, wide-brimmed hats, and seek shade during peak sun hours. Combining these measures with sunscreen can provide comprehensive sun protection.
How can I make informed choices when selecting sunscreen?
When choosing sunscreen, consider the SPF level, broad-spectrum protection, and your skin type or specific needs. Look for reputable brands and familiarize yourself with the sunscreen label to make informed decisions.
What are the recommendations from Acibadem Healthcare Group on sunscreen safety?
Acibadem Healthcare Group advises using sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, applying it generously and evenly, and reapplying every two hours or after swimming or sweating. They also recommend seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and regularly getting skin exams to detect any potential issues early.