Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is a condition that affects the heart’s ability to fill with blood during the relaxation phase, ultimately impacting heart health. It is crucial to have a proper diagnosis to effectively manage this condition and implement appropriate strategies.
In this article, we will delve into what indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is and how it affects heart function, particularly the left ventricular function. We will explore the various causes and risk factors associated with this condition, including underlying heart diseases and cardiovascular system conditions. Additionally, we will discuss the symptoms and signs to look out for to detect indeterminate diastolic dysfunction early on.
Furthermore, we will explore the diagnostic techniques used to evaluate and diagnose this condition, such as a thorough medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests like echocardiography. Understanding the potential complications and long-term prognosis of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is essential, as early intervention and proper management can significantly improve outcomes.
We will also delve into the different treatment options available, including lifestyle modifications, medications, and potential surgical interventions. Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a heart-healthy diet, and stress management techniques play a vital role in managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, we will discuss the medications commonly prescribed and the surgical interventions that may be considered for individuals who do not respond to conservative management.
Regular follow-up care and monitoring are crucial for individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction to maintain heart health. Through ongoing assessments of heart function and adjustments to treatment plans as necessary, individuals can effectively manage this condition and reduce the risk of complications. In this article, we aim to provide key takeaways and tips for maintaining heart health in individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction.
What is Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction?
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is a condition that affects the heart’s ability to fill with blood during the relaxation phase. It is characterized by abnormal left ventricular function, which plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal heart function. Left ventricular function refers to the ability of the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart, to effectively fill with blood and contract to pump it out to the rest of the body.
During diastole, the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, the left ventricle should be able to adequately fill with blood to ensure efficient pumping during systole, the contraction phase. However, in indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, there is an impairment in the left ventricular function, leading to inadequate filling and reduced overall heart function.
To understand indeterminate diastolic dysfunction further, let’s take a closer look at the key components involved:
Diastole:
Diastole refers to the period when the heart relaxes and fills with blood. It consists of two phases:
- Early diastole: During this phase, the left ventricle passively fills with blood as the atria contract and push blood into the ventricle.
- Late diastole: In this phase, the left ventricle actively fills with blood as it relaxes and creates a suction effect that draws blood from the atria.
Left Ventricular Function:
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body. It undergoes a complex series of contractions and relaxations to facilitate blood flow. Left ventricular function is influenced by various factors, including:
- Myocardial Contractility: The ability of the heart muscle to contract and pump blood effectively.
- Preload: The volume of blood filling the ventricle during diastole. It is influenced by factors such as blood volume and venous return.
- Afterload: The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart and into the arteries.
In indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, abnormalities or impairments in left ventricular function can occur, leading to suboptimal filling and reduced overall heart function. This can have significant implications for an individual’s cardiovascular health and wellbeing.
Understanding how indeterminate diastolic dysfunction affects the heart’s ability to fill with blood during diastole and the role of left ventricular function provides valuable insights for diagnosing and managing this condition effectively.
Causes and Risk Factors
Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is crucial for managing this condition effectively. Various factors, including heart disease and conditions affecting the cardiovascular system, contribute to the development of this condition.
Underlying Heart Diseases
Heart diseases such as coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and heart failure can lead to indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. These conditions affect the structure and function of the heart, making it difficult for the heart to relax and fill with blood properly.
Age and Gender
Age and gender can also play a role in the development of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. As individuals age, the elasticity of the heart muscle decreases, making it harder for the heart to relax. Additionally, women are more prone to developing this condition after menopause.
High Blood Pressure
Uncontrolled high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a significant risk factor for indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. The increased pressure in the arteries can cause the heart muscle to thicken, leading to impaired relaxation and filling of the heart chambers.
Diabetes
Individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of developing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves, affecting the cardiovascular system’s overall function and contributing to heart muscle stiffness.
Obesity
Obesity can put added stress on the cardiovascular system, leading to conditions such as indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Excess weight increases the burden on the heart, affecting its ability to relax and efficiently pump blood.
Smoking and Sedentary Lifestyle
Smoking and a sedentary lifestyle are both risk factors for indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Smoking damages blood vessels and reduces oxygen supply to the heart, while a sedentary lifestyle can lead to weight gain and overall cardiovascular health deterioration.
Other Risk Factors
Other risk factors that can contribute to the development of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction include a family history of heart disease, certain medications, and excessive alcohol consumption. It is important to address these risk factors to reduce the likelihood of developing this condition.
Risk Factors for Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
| Risk Factors | Description |
|---|---|
| Underlying Heart Diseases | Conditions such as coronary artery disease and heart failure |
| Age and Gender | Advancing age and female gender |
| High Blood Pressure | Uncontrolled hypertension |
| Diabetes | Presence of diabetes |
| Obesity | Being overweight or obese |
| Smoking and Sedentary Lifestyle | Smoking habit and lack of physical activity |
| Other Risk Factors | Family history of heart disease, certain medications, excessive alcohol consumption |
By understanding the causes and risk factors associated with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their risk and improve heart health. It is essential to address these factors and work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a comprehensive management plan.
Symptoms and Signs
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is a medical condition that can have various symptoms and signs, indicating potential cardiac abnormalities and impacting overall heart health. Recognizing these indicators is crucial in seeking timely medical attention for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management strategies.
Common Symptoms
While the specific symptoms may vary from person to person, there are several common indicators that could suggest the presence of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction:
- Shortness of breath: Individuals may experience shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying flat.
- Fatigue: Chronic tiredness and a lack of energy are often observed in individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction.
- Swelling: Edema, particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet, is a potential symptom of impaired heart function.
- Palpitations: Some individuals may experience irregular or rapid heartbeats, commonly known as palpitations.
- Chest discomfort: This can include chest pain, pressure, or tightness, which may be mistaken for symptoms of a heart attack.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for promoting heart health and overall well-being.
Physical Signs
In addition to the symptoms mentioned above, certain visible physical signs may also be indicative of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. During a physical examination, a healthcare provider may observe the following:
- Fluid retention: Edema may be evident in the lower extremities.
- Abnormal heart sounds: A healthcare provider may hear abnormal sounds, such as a third or fourth heart sound, when listening to the heart with a stethoscope.
- Increased jugular venous pressure: Elevated jugular venous pressure may be observed, indicating impaired blood flow from the heart to the veins.
These physical signs, along with the symptoms experienced by the individual, help healthcare professionals in assessing the presence of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction and formulating an appropriate treatment plan.
It is important to note that symptoms and signs alone cannot provide a definitive diagnosis. They serve as valuable indicators that prompt further investigation and diagnostic tests for a comprehensive evaluation of heart health.
Diagnostic Techniques
Accurate diagnosis of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is crucial for effective management and maintenance of heart health. A comprehensive approach to diagnosis involves a combination of medical history assessment, physical examination, and specialized tests.
Thorough Medical History
During the diagnostic process, your healthcare provider will carefully review your medical history, including any symptoms you may have experienced and any underlying conditions or risk factors that could contribute to indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. This information helps establish a baseline for further evaluation.
Physical Examination
A physical examination may reveal important clues about your heart health. Your healthcare provider will listen to your heart using a stethoscope, checking for abnormal heart sounds or murmurs that may indicate impaired diastolic function. They may also assess other vital signs and perform additional tests to evaluate overall cardiovascular health.
Specialized Tests, including Echocardiography
Specialized diagnostic tests play a vital role in evaluating and diagnosing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. One such test is echocardiography, a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart’s structure and function. Echocardiography can help assess left ventricular function, heart chamber dimensions, and other parameters that are crucial for diagnosing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction.
Other tests that may be used to aid in the diagnosis include:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test measures the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormal rhythms or conduction disturbances.
- Cardiac MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides detailed images of the heart, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of its structure and function.
- Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment: In some cases, a cardiac catheterization may be performed to directly measure pressures within the heart chambers and assess diastolic function.
These diagnostic techniques, when used in combination, enable healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, paving the way for appropriate treatment and management strategies.
| Diagnostic Techniques for Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | – Non-invasive – Provides detailed images of the heart – Assess diastolic function and other parameters | – Operator-dependent – Limited imaging quality in certain individuals |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) | – Non-invasive – Offers insights into electrical activity of the heart | – Can miss certain cardiac rhythm abnormalities |
| Cardiac MRI | – Provides highly detailed images of the heart – Helps assess structure and function | – Requires specialized equipment and expertise – May not be suitable for all individuals |
| Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment | – Directly measures pressures within the heart chambers | – Invasive procedure with associated risks – Requires specialized equipment and expertise |
Complications and Prognosis
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can lead to various complications that can significantly impact long-term prognosis and overall heart health. It is crucial to understand these potential complications and the importance of early intervention and proper management.
Potential Complications
Individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction may be at higher risk of developing several complications, including:
- Heart failure: The impaired filling of the heart during diastole can lead to an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the body’s organs and tissues, resulting in heart failure.
- Arrhythmias: Disruptions in the heart’s electrical system can cause irregular heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, which can increase the risk of blood clots and stroke.
- Pulmonary hypertension: The increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs can strain the heart and lead to pulmonary hypertension.
- Cardiomyopathy: The prolonged abnormalities in diastolic function can contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy, a condition that weakens the heart muscle.
Impact on Prognosis
The presence of complications in indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can significantly affect long-term prognosis. Without timely intervention and proper management, the risk of morbidity and mortality increases. However, with early detection, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle modifications, individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can improve their prognosis and quality of life.
Importance of Early Intervention
Early intervention is critical in managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction and reducing the risk of complications. It allows healthcare professionals to implement appropriate treatment strategies, such as medication adjustments, lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions, if necessary.
Effective Management Strategies
To minimize complications and improve prognosis, individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction should work closely with their healthcare team to develop an individualized management plan. This plan may include:
- Medication management: Proper adherence to prescribed medications helps control symptoms and improves overall heart function.
- Lifestyle modifications: Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management techniques, can support optimal heart health.
- Regular monitoring: Routine check-ups and follow-up visits allow healthcare professionals to assess the progress of the condition, make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan, and detect any potential complications in a timely manner.
Complications of Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
| Complication | Description |
|---|---|
| Heart Failure | The impaired filling of the heart during diastole can lead to inadequate blood supply to the body’s organs and tissues, resulting in heart failure. |
| Arrhythmias | Disruptions in the heart’s electrical system can cause irregular heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, which can increase the risk of blood clots and stroke. |
| Pulmonary Hypertension | The increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs can strain the heart and lead to pulmonary hypertension. |
| Cardiomyopathy | The prolonged abnormalities in diastolic function can contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy, a condition that weakens the heart muscle. |
Treatment Options
When it comes to managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, there are various treatment options available. These options focus on improving heart health and mitigating the symptoms associated with the condition. Treatment strategies for indeterminate diastolic dysfunction may include:
Lifestyle Modifications
Adopting positive lifestyle changes can significantly contribute to managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction and promoting heart health. Simple modifications like regular exercise, following a heart-healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing stress levels can have a positive impact on overall heart function.
Medications
In some cases, medications may be prescribed to individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. These medications aim to improve heart function, regulate blood pressure, and manage any underlying conditions that may contribute to the development of the condition. It is essential to follow the prescribed medication regimen and consult with a healthcare professional for proper guidance and monitoring.
Surgical Interventions
In severe cases of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction that do not respond to conservative management, surgical interventions may be considered. Procedures such as mitral valve repair or replacement can help improve heart function and alleviate symptoms. However, surgical interventions are typically reserved for individuals with advanced stages of the condition, and the decision should be made in consultation with a cardiac surgeon.
It is important to note that the choice of treatment options may vary depending on individual circumstances, severity of symptoms, and overall health status. Healthcare professionals will assess and tailor the treatment plan to suit each patient’s specific needs and goals for managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction.
Lifestyle Modifications
Making lifestyle modifications is crucial for individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction to improve their overall heart health. By incorporating healthy habits into their daily routine, they can support their heart function and reduce the impact of the condition on their well-being. Here are some key lifestyle modifications that individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction should consider:
1. Regular Exercise
Engaging in regular physical activity is essential for maintaining a healthy heart. Moderate-intensity exercises such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling can help improve cardiovascular fitness and promote optimal heart function. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, or as advised by your healthcare provider.
2. Heart-Healthy Diet
Adopting a heart-healthy diet can greatly benefit individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Focus on consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Limit your intake of sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars to reduce the strain on your heart.
3. Stress Management
Chronic stress can have a negative impact on heart health. Implement stress management techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies that help you relax and unwind. Prioritizing self-care and finding healthy outlets to manage stress can support your heart health and overall well-being.
4. Avoid Tobacco and Alcohol
Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can worsen heart health and increase the risk of complications. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake or avoiding it altogether can significantly improve your cardiovascular health. Seek support from healthcare professionals or local support groups if needed.
5. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Excess weight can strain the heart and contribute to cardiovascular problems. Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight by following a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity. Consult with a healthcare provider for personalized guidance on weight management.
6. Get Sufficient Sleep
Adequate sleep is crucial for heart health and overall well-being. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night to support optimal cardiovascular function. Establish a bedtime routine, create a comfortable sleep environment, and prioritize sleep as an essential part of your overall health regimen.
By implementing these lifestyle modifications, individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can actively work towards improving their heart health and managing their condition effectively.
Medications for Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
When it comes to managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction and promoting optimal heart health, medications play a crucial role. These prescribed medications are designed to address the underlying causes and symptoms of the condition, helping individuals lead healthier lives.
There are several medication classes commonly used in the treatment of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction:
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: These medications work by dilating blood vessels and reducing the workload on the heart. They are often prescribed to lower blood pressure and improve cardiac function.
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): Similar to ACE inhibitors, ARBs help to relax blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and enhance the heart’s pumping efficiency.
- Beta-blockers: These medications slow down the heart rate and decrease blood pressure. By doing so, beta-blockers help to reduce the workload on the heart, allowing it to function more effectively.
- Diuretics: Diuretics, often referred to as water pills, help to remove excess fluid from the body. This can be beneficial for individuals with fluid retention, reducing the strain on the heart and improving overall heart health.
- Calcium channel blockers: These medications relax the muscles in blood vessel walls, allowing them to widen and improve blood flow. Calcium channel blockers can help lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
It is important to note that the specific medications prescribed may vary depending on the individual’s unique medical history and needs. The dosage and duration of treatment will also be determined by the healthcare provider based on the severity of the condition and the patient’s response to the medication. Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
In addition to medication, adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle and following management strategies prescribed by healthcare professionals is crucial for individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. This comprehensive approach can help optimize heart health and improve overall well-being. Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
Surgical Interventions
For individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction who do not respond to conservative management strategies, surgical interventions may be considered. These procedures aim to address underlying heart conditions and improve overall heart health. One such surgical option is mitral valve repair or replacement.
Mitral Valve Repair
Mitral valve repair is a surgical procedure that focuses on repairing the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. This procedure is performed to correct any abnormalities or damage to the valve that may be contributing to the indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Repairing the mitral valve can help restore its proper function, allowing for improved blood flow and reducing the strain on the heart.
Mitral Valve Replacement
In cases where the mitral valve is severely damaged or inelastic, mitral valve replacement may be necessary. During this procedure, the damaged valve is removed, and a prosthetic valve is implanted. The prosthetic valve can be either mechanical or biological, depending on the patient’s specific needs and preferences. Mitral valve replacement can help restore normal blood flow and alleviate symptoms associated with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction.
Both mitral valve repair and replacement procedures require a thorough evaluation by a cardiac surgeon and may involve a combination of open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques. The choice of surgical intervention will be based on various factors, including the individual’s overall health, the severity of the mitral valve dysfunction, and the presence of any other heart conditions.
It’s important to note that surgical interventions for indeterminate diastolic dysfunction are typically reserved for cases where conservative management strategies have been ineffective. These procedures carry their own risks and should be discussed in detail with a healthcare professional.
| Surgical Interventions | Potential Benefits |
|---|---|
| Mitral Valve Repair | Restoration of proper mitral valve function Improved blood flow Reduced strain on the heart |
| Mitral Valve Replacement | Correction of severe mitral valve damage Restoration of normal blood flow Alleviation of symptoms |
Follow-Up Care and Monitoring
For individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, regular follow-up care and monitoring are crucial aspects of managing their heart health. Ongoing assessments of heart function help healthcare professionals track the progress of the condition and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan. Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
During follow-up appointments, various diagnostic techniques may be used to evaluate the changes in heart function and determine the effectiveness of the management strategies. These techniques can include echocardiography, which provides detailed images of the heart and its structures, as well as other specialized tests. Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is a medical condition that requires close monitoring to ensure optimal heart health. It is important for individuals to attend follow-up appointments as scheduled and communicate any changes or concerns to their healthcare provider. By staying proactive and engaged in their care, individuals can effectively manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.
Benefits of Regular Monitoring
Regular monitoring of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction offers several benefits:
- Early detection of any changes in heart function or the development of complications
- Opportunity for healthcare professionals to assess the effectiveness of current management strategies and make necessary adjustments
- Ability to catch and address potential issues before they worsen
- Enhanced peace of mind for individuals, knowing that their heart health is being monitored closely Understanding Indeterminate Diastolic Dysfunction
Frequency of Follow-Up Appointments
The frequency of follow-up appointments may vary depending on the individual’s specific needs and the severity of their condition. Generally, individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction should plan to have regular check-ups at least every six to twelve months.
However, it is essential to follow the recommendations of the healthcare provider regarding the frequency of appointments. They will tailor the follow-up schedule to the individual’s unique circumstances and may recommend more frequent visits if necessary.
Collaboration with Healthcare Team
Effective management of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction requires collaboration between the individual and their healthcare team. It is important to openly communicate any symptoms, concerns, or lifestyle changes to the healthcare provider during follow-up appointments.
The healthcare team will work together to evaluate the individual’s progress, adjust medications or treatment plans as needed, and provide guidance on lifestyle modifications to support heart health.
Summary
Regular follow-up care and monitoring are essential for individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. These appointments allow healthcare professionals to assess heart function, make adjustments to the treatment plan if necessary, and ensure optimal heart health. By actively participating in their care and collaborating with their healthcare team, individuals can effectively manage their condition and improve their overall well-being.
| Benefits of Regular Monitoring | Frequency of Follow-Up Appointments | Collaboration with Healthcare Team |
|---|---|---|
| Early detection of any changes in heart function or the development of complications | Regular check-ups at least every six to twelve months | Open communication with healthcare provider |
| Opportunity for healthcare professionals to assess the effectiveness of current management strategies and make necessary adjustments | Follow the recommendations of the healthcare provider | Collaboration in evaluating progress and adjusting treatment plans |
| Catching and addressing potential issues before they worsen | Guidance on lifestyle modifications | |
| Enhanced peace of mind for individuals |
Maintaining Heart Health
For individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction, maintaining heart health is crucial to improve their overall well-being and quality of life. Implementing effective management strategies can help manage this condition and reduce the risk of complications.
Lifestyle modifications form the foundation of maintaining heart health in individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. Regular exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, can strengthen the heart and improve circulation. A heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products can provide essential nutrients and support cardiovascular health.
Adherence to prescribed medications is another vital aspect of managing indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. These medications, prescribed by healthcare professionals, help regulate blood pressure, reduce fluid buildup, and optimize heart function. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and schedule, as instructed by the healthcare provider.
Regular medical check-ups and monitoring are crucial for individuals with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction. These check-ups enable healthcare professionals to assess heart function, adjust treatment plans if necessary, and detect any potential complications early on. Adhering to the recommended follow-up schedule is essential to ensure optimal heart health.
FAQ
What is indeterminate diastolic dysfunction?
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction is a medical condition that affects the heart's ability to fill with blood during the relaxation phase. It is characterized by abnormalities in the left ventricular function, which can impact overall heart health.
What are the causes and risk factors of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction?
Indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can be caused by underlying heart diseases and conditions affecting the cardiovascular system. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and aging.
What symptoms and signs are associated with indeterminate diastolic dysfunction?
The symptoms and signs of indeterminate diastolic dysfunction can vary but may include shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs and ankles.
